scholarly journals Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) Psychology: Measuring and Mapping Scales of Cultural and Psychological Distance

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Muthukrishna ◽  
Adrian V. Bell ◽  
Joseph Henrich ◽  
Cameron M. Curtin ◽  
Alexander Gedranovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Online Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

In this article, we present a tool and a method for measuring the psychological and cultural distance between societies and creating a distance scale with any population as the point of comparison. Because psychological data are dominated by samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) nations, and overwhelmingly, the United States, we focused on distance from the United States. We also present distance from China, the country with the largest population and second largest economy, which is a common cultural comparison. We applied the fixation index ( FST), a meaningful statistic in evolutionary theory, to the World Values Survey of cultural beliefs and behaviors. As the extreme WEIRDness of the literature begins to dissolve, our tool will become more useful for designing, planning, and justifying a wide range of comparative psychological projects. Our code and accompanying online application allow for comparisons between any two countries. Analyses of regional diversity reveal the relative homogeneity of the United States. Cultural distance predicts various psychological outcomes.

scholarly journals The economic crisis – its causes and results and the limiting ventures (selected aspects)

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Bogusław Ślusarczyk ◽  
Bożena Sowa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Economic Collapse

Economic crisis, which took place in the years 2008–2009, was one of the biggest cri-ses, which affected the world’s economy. It began in the United States, and then it moved through most countries in the world, especially the highly developed, and the effects of this crisis have been very painful for the entire global economy. It should be stressed that the framework of the economic crisis include the period 2008–2010, although its roots go back to an earlier period than 2008, and its consequences – accord-ing to the authors – will be felt for many years. In the wide range, the financial crisis referred to the economic collapse, caused by making the wrong decisions by the monetary authorities of individual countries, unskilful ac-tions of speculators and recession on the course of business cycle. Undoubtedly it was globalisation which contributed to such state, which has led to a great openness of economies, which in turn resulted in the transfer between all economic phenomena, both the positive and the negative. Moreover, globalisation caused the fact that crisis phenomena are growing strong, more and more noticeable and faster and faster move between individual countries. Trade and financial relations, and (perhaps most importantly) the panic in the markets, are responsible for this process.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE-AMERICAN TRADE RELATIONS ON CHINA's FOREIGN POLICY RELATING TO THE USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Jiang Junjing
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
The Impact

Based on a wide range of sources, the article analyzes the impact of China's trade and economic relations with the United States. Several periods of interaction between countries after the end of World War II are considered. Special attention is paid to the period of restoration of diplomatic relations since 1979. Based on various sources and historiography, the author analyzes the researchers' points of view on the impact of economic issues on the relations between the two countries. In the course of the research, the author came to the conclusion that an important aspect in the direction of the foreign economic policy of the People’s Republic of China in the first post-war years was the ideological factor. The article presents an analysis of changes in the vector of China's foreign policy in different periods. The main ways of interaction between the United States and China are described, depending on changing foreign policy doctrines. The reforms launched in 1978 provided China with economic growth and a growing prestige on the world stage, which is still present today. The rapprochement between the United States and China after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought certain economic benefits for the two countries. However, the aggravation of relations between the countries in the new Millennium provides an opportunity for new assessments of the PRC's position on the world stage. Trump’s coming to power in the United States is regarded as an economic war between the two countries. China's increased investment capacity and technological independence make it an attractive partner for other countries, which in turn has a negative impact on trade with America. The most important thing in this situation is the fact that the globalization of the world economy caused by scientific and technological progress, including the rather close interweaving of the US and Chinese economies, contradicts the national interests of both countries, which are trying to strengthen their positions and role in the world economy. Based on the analyzed material, the author comes to the conclusion that recently the foreign policy relations between China and the United States directly depend on the economic interests of the parties.

scholarly journals Global panorama of studies about freshwater oligochaetes: main trends and gaps

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e20185838
Author(s):  
Luciana Falci Theza Rodrigues ◽  
Roberto Da Gama Alves
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Isi Web Of Science ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaetes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Freshwater Oligochaetes

Freshwater oligochaetes have been studied over the years in a wide range of habitats around the world. To analyse the data published about freshwater oligochaetes in the 31 year period between 1985 and 2015, we searched for documents in the ISI Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases. A total of 979 works were evaluated from 184 periodicals. The United States is the country with the most publications about aquatic oligochaetes, followed by France, Germany and Italy. Works related to the ecology and ecotoxicology of these organisms are most abundant. Studies carried out in the laboratory are most frequent, consisting of investigations involving bioassays, morphology, genetics and molecular biology. The results also show that spring, cave water bodies and swamps have been studied less than any other aquatic habitat and that countries of the Southern Hemisphere are under-represented in the studies of aquatic oligochaetes. Hence, there is a need for increased efforts to fill in gaps in the knowledge about these oligochaetes.

scholarly journals The Enron Collapse and Criminal Liabilities of Auditors and Lawyers for Defective Prospectuses in the United States, Australia and Canada: a Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1 & 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Solaiman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Securities Markets ◽  
Corporate Bankruptcy ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Prospectus Liability ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Judicial Interpretations

A lack of uniformity in laws regulating professionals such as auditors and lawyers in relation to defective prospectuses exists across nations around the world. Securities legislation of some jurisdictions clearly imposes criminal liabilities for defective prospectuses on professionals along with directors and promoters of the issuer of securities. But the laws of some other countries are ambiguous in this regard. Such an ambiguity is present in the securities legislation of the United States, Australia and Canada. Their legislation does not categorically name the persons who should be criminally liable for a defective prospectus; nonetheless auditors and lawyers are sometimes caught by virtue of judicial interpretations of those vague legal provisions. Even though they could be on the hook under such interpretations, legislation provides a wide range of defences that facilitate escaping liabilities by offenders at the expense of the integrity of the market. Regarding sanctions, although the term of imprisonment is identical in all these three jurisdictions, pecuniary penalties significantly vary after the recent reforms triggered by some spectacular corporate bankruptcy taking place especially in the U.S. and Australia. Most importantly, the post-Enron reforms explicitly amend the laws governing secondary securities markets, and therefore their application to defective prospectuses is questionable except for the Canadian reforms. If the post-Enron reforms do not really touch the prospectus liability regimes in the U.S. and Australia, it can be said that the lawmakers have ignored their primary securities markets. If this is so, it would be an unwise policy to wait for an Enron-type disaster to occur in the IPO market for stimulus to initiate reforms addressing professional malpractices in the preparation of prospectuses. If not, the law should make it clear before it is too late.

scholarly journals Worldwide evidence of cultural similarity among co-religionists within and across countries using the World Values Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindel White ◽  
Michael Muthukrishna ◽  
Ara Norenzayan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
Cultural Similarity

Cultural evolutionary theories suggest that world religions have contributed to the expansion of human cooperation, in part by consolidating beliefs, values, and practices within a culturally integrated super-ethnic identity. To test this hypothesis, we measured cultural distance between religious groups within and between countries, using the Cultural Fixation Index (CF_ST) applied to the World Values Survey (88 countries, N=243,118). We found cultural similarity between co-religionists within and across countries: Individuals who shared a religious denomination and level of religiosity were more culturally similar than those with different affiliations and levels of religiosity, even after excluding overtly religious values. Moreover, distances between denominations echoed shared historical descent (e.g., Christian denominations were culturally similar). Non-religious individuals across countries also shared cultural values, suggesting the cultural evolution of secularization. Together, results reveal the pervasive cultural signature of religion and support the role of world religions in sustaining superordinate identities that transcend geographical boundaries.

scholarly journals A database of travel-related behaviors and attitudes before, during, and after COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh Singh Chauhan ◽  
Matthew Wigginton Bhagat-Conway ◽  
Denise Capasso da Silva ◽  
Deborah Salon ◽  
Ali Shamshiripour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Daily Travel

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of people around the world. To capture some of these impacts in the United States, we are conducting a nationwide longitudinal survey collecting information about activity and travel-related behaviors and attitudes before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey questions cover a wide range of topics including commuting, daily travel, air travel, working from home, online learning, shopping, and risk perception, along with attitudinal, socioeconomic, and demographic information. The survey is deployed over multiple waves to the same respondents to monitor how behaviors and attitudes evolve over time. Version 1.0 of the survey contains 8,723 responses that are publicly available. This article details the methodology adopted for the collection, cleaning, and processing of the data. In addition, the data are weighted to be representative of national and regional demographics. This survey dataset can aid researchers, policymakers, businesses, and government agencies in understanding both the extent of behavioral shifts and the likelihood that changes in behaviors will persist after COVID-19.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

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