Effects of Time-Varying Parent Input on Children’s Language Outcomes Differ for Vocabulary and Syntax

Early linguistic input is a powerful predictor of children’s language outcomes. We investigated two novel questions about this relationship: Does the impact of language input vary over time, and does the impact of time-varying language input on child outcomes differ for vocabulary and for syntax? Using methods from epidemiology to account for baseline and time-varying confounding, we predicted 64 children’s outcomes on standardized tests of vocabulary and syntax in kindergarten from their parents’ vocabulary and syntax input when the children were 14 and 30 months old. For vocabulary, children whose parents provided diverse input earlier as well as later in development were predicted to have the highest outcomes. For syntax, children whose parents’ input substantially increased in syntactic complexity over time were predicted to have the highest outcomes. The optimal sequence of parents’ linguistic input for supporting children’s language acquisition thus varies for vocabulary and for syntax.

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Assessing the impact of conversational overlap in content on child language growth

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000917000083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 72-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

ELIZABETH S. CHE ◽

PATRICIA J. BROOKS ◽

MARIA F. ALARCON ◽

FRANCIS D. YANNACO ◽

SEAMUS DONNELLY

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

New England ◽

Child Language ◽

Language Outcomes ◽

Time Points ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Language Growth ◽

Mean Length Of Utterance ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

AbstractWhen engaged in conversation, both parents and children tend to re-use words that their partner has just said. This study explored whether proportions of maternal and/or child utterances that overlapped in content with what their partner had just said contributed to growth in mean length of utterance (MLU), developmental sentence score, and vocabulary diversity over time. We analyzed the New England longitudinal corpus from the CHILDES database, comprising transcripts of mother–child conversations at 14, 20, and 32 months, using the CHIP command to compute proportions of utterances with overlapping content. Rates of maternal overlap, but not child overlap, at earlier time-points predicted child language outcomes at later time-points, after controlling for earlier child MLU. We suggest that maternal overlap plays a formative role in child language development by providing content that is immediately relevant to what the child has in mind.

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Measuring the Dynamic Risk of Further Offending: A Feasibility Study

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v4i3.1276 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Helen Hodges ◽

Kevin Fahey

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Feasibility Study ◽

Justice System ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Criminal History ◽

Time Varying ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

The Core ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

BackgroundYoung people who have offended were, until recently, assessed using the Core ASSET Profile – a tool which determined their likelihood of reoffending based on their criminal history and practitioner scores across 12 domains. The repeated assessments provide a set of data for each individual which can be used to model how their risk of further offending varies over time. Having conducted an initial proof of concept study, this work explores the potential of extending the range of ‘risk’ and ‘protective’ factors using anonymised linked data held within the SAIL Databank. Main AimThe feasibility study is designed to establish the potential for using administrative data to develop a more sensitive assessment tool for use in the youth justice system. Specifically, the study explores the impact of being care experienced and of subsequent system contact in elevating the risk of further offending. ApproachA series of Bayesian hierarchical models will be generated which mimic the features of the Core ASSET Profile under the Scaled Approach. These include a range of time-varying and non-time varying variables matched to the individual, drawn from education, health and social services datasets as well as their court and offending records. ResultsThe anticipated findings will advance our understanding of how the likelihood of further offending varies over time for different groups, and how further system contact increases the risk. This will enable the complexity of young people’s real lives to be explored, and hence appropriate and timely interventions to be developed. ConclusionModelling under a Bayesian framework affords the opportunity to generate robust analysis based on smaller datasets. Findings have significant implications for policy and practice, particularly in the context of assessment processes across the justice system and social welfare.

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How Persistent Is the Occupation-Education Mismatch in Canada?

ISRN Economics ◽

10.1155/2014/490914 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Cox Model ◽

Education Level ◽

Time Varying ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Job Match ◽

Probability Of Transition ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This paper investigates the duration of overqualification in Canada, the time-varying probability of leaving overqualification, and the wage consequences associated with the transition. The paper also applies a survival analysis approach to examine the impact of key driving factors on the probability of transitioning from overqualification to a job match using a proportional hazard (Cox) model. The analysis shows that within a 5-year period, an overqualified worker has a 22 percent probability of transitioning to an occupation that matches the education level. The probability of transition also decreases quickly over time, thus lowering the chances of finding a job match after 12 months. Regression analyses also provide evidence that overqualified workers with short tenure are more likely to transition than workers with medium to long tenure. Finally, job-related training nearly doubles the chance of transitioning out of overqualification.

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Understanding personal contacts: an analysis for metropolitan BrazilḌ

Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1108/jes-06-2018-0201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 64-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Rodrigues de Oliveira ◽

Wallace Patrick Santos de Farias Souza ◽

Giácomo Balbinotto Neto ◽

Paulo de Andrade Jacinto

Keyword(s):

Business Cycle ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Job Characteristics ◽

Parameter Estimates ◽

Time Varying ◽

Quantile Regressions ◽

Content Type ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

PurposeThis paper investigates the relationship between (1) business cycle and use of personal contacts to obtain job and (2) use of personal contacts to obtain job and wages.Design/methodology/approachFor this, we use data from the Monthly Employment Survey (2002–2015) from Brazil which has detailed information on individual and job characteristics. In addition, we investigate the impact of referrals on wage using quantile regressions.FindingsTime-varying parameter estimates indicate that the relationship between business cycle and use of personal contacts became less countercyclical over time. In general, they show that there is more evidence of a slow changing relationship between personal contacts and the business cycle over time rather than a sudden and discrete one. Using quantile regressions, we observed that, controlling for similar observable characteristics, and including unobserved heterogeneity, wage differences between workers using personal contacts versus workers using others channels disappear. The evidences indicate that workers resort to personal contacts because of valuation of non-pecuniary job characteristics.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that, in designing subsidy or affirmative action programs, attention to network effects is important. Social networks can help labor markets run more smoothly by alleviating information frictions.Originality/valueThis study extends the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of the use of personal contacts for the Brazil. Although there are many studies and methods for measuring use of personal contacts, to our knowledge, there are no studies using a time-varying parameters model.

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The Heterogeneous Interconnections between Supply or Demand Side and Oil Risks

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12112226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2226 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaoke Liao ◽

Zhenghui Li ◽

Ziqing Du ◽

Yue Liu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Policy Making ◽

Wavelet Coherence ◽

Time Varying ◽

Demand Side ◽

Oil Market ◽

Time Horizons ◽

The Impact ◽

Space Capacity ◽

Over Time

Due to the crucial implication of oil risks for economic growth and policy making, the aim of this paper is to explore the heterogeneous interconnections of supply or demand in oil risks over time horizons and different countries. Specifically, we first examine the correlation of supply or demand in oil return risks and show the relationships in different countries based on wavelet coherence. Furthermore, we explore the time-varying interconnections between supply- or demand-side and oil return risks, as well as oil producers and demand countries. The empirical results show that the correlation between supply and oil return risks is relatively stable, whereas the linkage between demand and oil return risks shows greater volatility due to the impact of specific events. Further study indicates that there are heterogeneous interconnections between supply- or demand-side and oil return risks over sample periods. Specifically, the sign of response could be divided into four phases, i.e., 1997–2002, 2002–2010, 2010–2013 and 2014–2018. In addition, the interconnections of the demand side could be divided into three phases due to the sign of it. What is more, the dynamic interconnections of oil producers’ or countries’ demands behave quite heterogeneously in different countries. Thus policymakers should focus on the coordination level and space capacity in the global crude oil market.

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The Therapist’s Reaction to a Patient’s Suicide

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000062 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 99-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽

Isabella Kunz ◽

Gregory Skipper ◽

Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽

Karl H. Beine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Responses ◽

Well Being ◽

Emotional Reaction ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Analog Scale ◽

General Hospitals ◽

Item Questionnaire ◽

Retrospective Nature ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.

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The impact of price on preference consistency over time

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e620972012-157 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Ki Yeon Lee ◽

Min Zhao

Keyword(s):

The Impact ◽

Over Time

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Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v36i4iipp.947-957 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (4II) ◽

pp. 947-957 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shahrukh Rafi Khan

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Negative Association ◽

Causal Impact ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.

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