scholarly journals What is the p-factor of psychopathology? Some risks of general factor modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riet van Bork ◽  
Sacha Epskamp ◽  
Mijke Rhemtulla ◽  
Denny Borsboom ◽  
Han L. J. van der Maas
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Factor Modeling ◽  
P Factor

Recent research has suggested that a range of psychological disorders may stem from a single underlying common factor, which has been dubbed the p-factor. This finding may spur a line of research in psychopathology very similar to the history of factor modeling in intelligence and, more recently, personality research, in which similar general factors have been proposed. We point out some of the risks of modeling and interpreting general factors, derived from the fields of intelligence and personality research. We argue that: (a) factor-analytic resolution, i.e., convergence of the literature on a particular factor structure, should not be expected in the presence of multiple highly similar models; and (b) the true underlying model may not be a factor model at all, because alternative explanations can account for the correlational structure of psychopathology.

scholarly journals "If you catch my drift...": ability to infer implied meaning is distinct from vocabulary and grammar skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Wilson ◽  
Dorothy V.M. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Social Understanding ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Confirmatory Analysis ◽  
Core Language ◽  
Implied Meaning

Background: Some individuals with autism find it challenging to use and understand language in conversation, despite having good abilities in core aspects of language such as grammar and vocabulary. This suggests that pragmatic skills (such as understanding implied meanings in conversation) are separable from core language skills. However, it has been surprisingly difficult to demonstrate this dissociation in the general population. We propose that this may be because prior studies have used tasks in which different aspects of language are confounded. Methods: The present study used novel language tasks and factor analysis to test whether pragmatic understanding of implied meaning, as part of a broader domain involving social understanding, is separable from core language skills. 120 adult participants were recruited online to complete a 7-task battery, including a test assessing comprehension of conversational implicature. Results: In confirmatory analysis of a preregistered model, we compared whether the data showed better fit to a two-factor structure (including a “social understanding” and “core language” factor) or a simpler one-factor structure (comprising a general factor). The two-factor model showed significantly better fit. Conclusions: This study supports the view that interpreting context-dependent conversational meaning is partially distinct from core language skills. This has implications for understanding the pragmatic language impairments reported in autism.

scholarly journals A bioenergetic model that links psychopathology and intelligence: Implications for research and clinical practice

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Fissler ◽  
R. Nehir Mavioglu ◽  
Maya Wenzel ◽  
Steffen Stoewer ◽  
Wanja Wolff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Bioenergetic Model ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
P Factor

Decomposing the structure of human cerebral function in its domains, such as affect regulation or cognition, forms the backbone of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Research continues to decipher the domains and hierarchical structure of cerebral function. So far, the findings strongly suggest two higher-order latent factors of general psychopathology (p factor) and general intelligence (g factor). Both general factors are functions of the same organ, covary, share risk factors as well as biomarkers, and benefit from the same treatments. However, to our knowledge, a model that connects both components of cerebral function within a higher-order latent factor and describes its potential biological underpinning is lacking. First, we suggest the general factor of cerebral function (c factor) as the shared variance of the measures of g and p in a bi-factor model. Second, we propose and provide evidence that mitochondrial bioenergetics (MB) is one core biological underpinning of c. Third, we describe how this c factor mito-bioenergetics (CMB) model may transform research and clinical practice by advancing knowledge of treatment effects, risk factors, biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Finally, we present a CMB model-based hypothesis stating that fatigue—as a phenotypical correlate of MB—directly loads on c.

Modeling the Structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: Conceptual, Empirical, and Analytic Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Somma ◽  
Serena Borroni ◽  
Laura E. Drislane ◽  
Christopher J. Patrick ◽  
Andrea Fossati
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Three Factor

This study sought to characterize the factor structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) using data from a sample of 1,082 community-dwelling Italian adults. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to compare the fit of a bifactor model for each TriPM scale, in which specific-content factors were specified along with a general factor, with the fit of a single, general-factor model. Robust weighted least square (WLSMV) ESEM supported a bifactor latent structure of the TriPM items for all individual scales. When we jointly factor analyzed the 58 TriPM items, a WLSMV ESEM three-factor structure showed adequate fit; the three ESEM factors were akin to TriPM Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition theoretical dimensions, respectively, and could be effectively replicated across gender subgroups. Our findings support the three-factor structure of TriPM items, at least in Italian community-dwelling adults, and provide further evidence for the construct validity of the TriPM.

A Simulation of Factor Analytic Reliability Varying Sample Size and Number of Variables

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Manners ◽  
Donald H. Brush
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Alpha Factor ◽  
Analytic Models

An examination of four factor analytic models employing random sampling experiments is undertaken using a methodology and hypothetical population factor structure first employed by Browne (2). The factor models are each explored under four separate conditions, varying sample size and number of variables. Under these limited conditions, it is argued that there are no practical differences among the factor models considered with respect to sampling error in the absence of a Heywood variable. However, with respect to the ability of each model to capture, early and at convergence, the number of factors in the population, the alpha factor model is shown to have the greatest reliability.

scholarly journals Factor structure of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices

Psico-USF ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monalisa Muniz ◽  
Cristiano Mauro Assis Gomes ◽  
Sonia Regina Pasian
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract This study's objective was to verify the factor structure of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). The database used included the responses of 1,279 children, 50.2% of which were males with an average age of 8.48 years old and a standard deviation of 1.49 yrs. Confirmatory factor analyses were run to test seven models based on CPM theory and on a Brazilian study addressing the test's structure. The results did not confirm the CPM theoretical proposition concerning the scales but indicated that the test can be interpreted by one general factor and one specific factor or one general factor and three specific factors; both are bi-dimensional models. The three-factor model is, however, more interpretable, suggesting that the factors can be used as a means of screening children's cognitive developmental stage.

Examining the factor structure and its replicability across multiple listening test forms: Validity evidence for the Michigan English Test

2021 ◽  
pp. 026553222110181
Author(s):  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Vahid Aryadoust ◽  
Stacy Foo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Multiple Test ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Congruence Coefficient ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Order Factor

This study evaluated the validity of the Michigan English Test (MET) Listening Section by investigating its underlying factor structure and the replicability of its factor structure across multiple test forms. Data from 3255 test takers across four forms of the MET Listening Section were used. To investigate the factor structure, each form was fitted with four Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models: (1) a three correlated-factor model, (2) a bi-factor model, (3) a higher-order factor model, and (4) a single general-factor model. In addition, a four-pronged heuristic comprising construct delineation, construct operationalization, factor structure analysis, and congruence coefficient was developed to examine the replicability of factor structures across the test forms. Results from the CFA models showed that the test forms were unidimensional and the four-pronged heuristic indicated that the test construct was consistently operationalized across forms. Furthermore, the congruence coefficient indicated that the factor structure representing listening was highly similar and replicable across test forms. In sum, the construct of the MET Listening Section did not comprise divisible subskills. Yet, the unidimensional factor structure of the test was replicable across the test forms.

scholarly journals Psychometric Characteristics of Verbal Working Memory Scale among Savant Syndrome Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-170
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ali Moussa ◽  
◽  
Hisham Ibrahim Ismael Elnersh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
First Order ◽  
Savant Syndrome ◽  
Confirmatory Analysis

The study aimed to construct a test for the behavioral implications of verbal working memory among Savant syndrome and Verify the factor structure of the test using factor analysis. The study relied on the Geweke & Singleton (1980) approach to select the participants. The study sample consisted of a targeted sample with Savant syndrome. 32 Savant syndrome cases had selected. The verbal working memory test was applied electronically with the help of four colleagues in the field of special education. The applying procedure lasted nine months. The Exploratory Factor Analysis results reached a fitted general factor model. The confirmatory analysis results revealed the fitted construct of the first-order three-factor model structure. The results indicated the possibility of the three-factors loading on a second-order general factor structure.

Comparison of Factor Structures for the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad S. Chissom ◽  
Jerry R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Analytic Procedure ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Developmental Test ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Components Analysis

The purpose was comparison of the factor structure of the Frostig DTVP based on current research reporting intercorrelations of scores on the 5 Frostig subtests. Ss in the 11 studies examined were children from preschool through the second grade. The intercorrelation matrices from the studies were analyzed using a principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation as a common factor analytic procedure. Results indicated a single-factor structure described the 5 Frostig subtests in 9 of the 11 studies examined with that single factor accounting for 50 to 60% of the total variation. It is possible that one or more additional specific factors may exist but the analyses in this study did not identify more than the single factor.

A Common Factor Structure of Bender Gestalt Protocols of Young Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1039-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Error

The common factor structure of the Bender is defined for 9-yr.-old children according to the Koppitz scoring procedure. Utilizing a new robust factor analytic interpretation strategy, it is demonstrated that the common factors correspond closely to the general error categories defined by Koppitz. A cross-validation study is suggested.

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