scholarly journals Bayesian variable selection in hierarchical difference-in-differences models

2021 ◽  
pp. 096228022110510
Author(s):  
James P Normington ◽  
Eric F Lock ◽  
Thomas A Murray ◽  
Caroline S Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Variable Selection ◽  
Bayesian Variable Selection ◽  
Primary Care Redesign ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Diabetes Outcomes ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

A popular method for estimating a causal treatment effect with observational data is the difference-in-differences model. In this work, we consider an extension of the classical difference-in-differences setting to the hierarchical context in which data cannot be matched at the most granular level. Our motivating example is an application to assess the impact of primary care redesign policy on diabetes outcomes in Minnesota, in which the policy is administered at the clinic level and individual outcomes are not matched from pre- to post-intervention. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical difference-in-differences model, which estimates the policy effect by regressing the treatment on a latent variable representing the mean change in group-level outcome. We present theoretical and empirical results showing a hierarchical difference-in-differences model that fails to adjust for a particular class of confounding variables, biases the policy effect estimate. Using a structured Bayesian spike-and-slab model that leverages the temporal structure of the difference-in-differences context, we propose and implement variable selection approaches that target sets of confounding variables leading to unbiased and efficient estimation of the policy effect. We evaluate the methods’ properties through simulation, and we use them to assess the impact of primary care redesign of clinics in Minnesota on the management of diabetes outcomes from 2008 to 2017.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Difference-in-Difference Framework for the Impact of Primary Care Redesign on Diabetes Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
James Normington ◽  
Eric Lock ◽  
Caroline Carlin ◽  
Kevin Peterson ◽  
Bradley Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Primary Care Redesign ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Diabetes Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Evaluation of the impact of public investment programs on social and economic performance of territories

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
I. E. Limonov ◽  
M. V. Nesena
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
Regional Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Institution

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Floods on Housing Price Using a Spatial Matching Difference-In-Differences (SM-DID) Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Jean Dubé ◽  
Maha AbdelHalim ◽  
Nicolas Devaux
Keyword(s):  
Housing Price ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Environmental Amenities ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Hedonic Pricing Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Many applications have relied on the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to measure the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban externalities and natural disasters. The classic HPM regresses housing price on a complete list of attributes/characteristics that include spatial or environmental amenities (or disamenities), such as floods, to retrieve the gradients of the market (marginal) WTP for such externalities. The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative methodological framework that extends the causal relations based on a spatial matching difference-in-differences (SM-DID) estimator, and which attempts to calculate the difference between sale price for similar goods within “treated” and “control” groups. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed spatial matching method, the researchers present an empirical investigation based on the case of a flood event recorded in the city of Laval (Québec, Canada) in 1998, using information on transactions occurring between 1995 and 2001. The research results show that the impact of flooding brings a negative premium on the housing price of about 20,000$ Canadian (CAN).

scholarly journals Institutional Reforms and Their Impact on Economic Growth and Investment in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4941
Author(s):  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Ghulam Rasool Madni ◽  
Muhammad Awais Anwar ◽  
Syeda Masooma Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Political Reforms ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Treatment Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

It is widely accepted that the economic and social system may be more efficient by reforming institutions. Institutional reforms are attempts to change the rules affecting human interactions and these reforms are fundamental for development and economic prosperity. The reforms can be divided into two categories; political and economic institutional reforms. It is need of the hour to determine the category of reform that is more suitable for developing countries. Moreover, a vast literature describes the impact of institutional reforms but little focused on exploring their impacts on macroeconomic activities. So, this study is an effort to determine the impact of institutional reforms on macroeconomic variables by considering the panel data of 122 developing countries covering the time span from 1996 to 2019. The study applied treatment analysis using the difference-in-differences technique to gauge the effects of reforms. Besides, it will be interesting to know the causes triggering the institutional reforms in developing countries. The findings of the study reveal that economic reforms are more important as compared with political reforms to grow the economies. The countries focusing on political reforms are not able to overcome the economic crisis. Moreover, both types of reforms do not cause each other in these countries.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Construction of a Climate Resilient City: An Empirical Study Based on the Difference in Differences Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2082
Author(s):  
Zifeng Liang
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Grey System ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Facing climate risks has become a common problem for mankind and a topic of great importance for the Chinese government. To thoroughly implement the overall requirements for the construction of an ecological civilization and effectively improve the capacity of cities to adapt to climate change, China launched the pilot construction of “Climate Resilient Cities” in 2017. In this paper, 16 prefecture level cities in Anhui Province of China were selected as the research objects, and the multi-level grey system evaluation method was used to measure the climate resilience of these regions. We used the difference in differences method to evaluate the effect of the pilot policy of “Climate Resilient Cities.” The pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” showed a significant contribution to the regional climate resilience, and, after isolating the impact of other factors on the regional climate resilience, the pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” increased the climate resilience of the pilot cities by four percentage points. The pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” had a significant contribution to the urban infrastructure development and ecological space optimization, as well as non-significant impacts to the urban water security, emergency management capacity-building, and science and technology innovation initiatives.

scholarly journals The Impact of Pharmacist Care on Diabetes Outcomes in Primary Care Settings: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hamdi Abdulrhim ◽  
Sownd Sankaralingam ◽  
Mohamed Izham
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Diabetes Care ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Diabetes Outcomes ◽  
Primary Care Settings ◽  
Pharmacist Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmacist Care

Objective: To systematically review published systematic reviews (SRs) examining the impact of pharmacist interventions in multidisciplinary diabetes care teams on diabetes-related clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes in primary care settings. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Database, Google Scholar, and PROSPERO were searched from inception to 2018. Studies published in English evaluating the effect of pharmacist interventions on diabetes outcomes were included. Two independent reviewers were involved in the screening of titles and abstracts, selection of studies, and methodological quality assessment. Results: Seven SRs were included in the study. Three of them included only randomized controlled trials, while the rest involved other study designs. Educational interventions by clinical pharmacists within the healthcare team were the most common types of interventions reported across all SRs. Pharmacist’s interventions compared to usual care resulted in favorable significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in more than 50% of the SRs. Improvement in HbA1c was the mostly reported clinical outcome of pharmacist intervention in the literature (reported in six SRs). Pharmacist’s interventions led to significant cost-saving ($8–$85,000 per person per year), cost-utility, and cost-benefit (benefit-to-cost ratio range from 1:1 to 8.5:1) versus usual care. Pharmacist’s interventions improved patients’ quality of life (QoL) in three SRs; however, no conclusion can be drawn due to the use of diverse QoL assessment tools. Conclusion: Most SRs support the benefit of pharmacist care on diabetes-related clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes in primary care settings. Improvements in diabetes outcomes can significantly reduce the burden of diabetes on the healthcare system. Hence, the incorporation of pharmacists into multidisciplinary diabetes care teams is beneficial and should be strongly considered by clinicians and health policymakers.

scholarly journals Media Ownership and Bias: Evidence by the Washington Post’s Reporting after Amazon’s Acquisition in 2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongyi Jin ◽  
Altynay Abilgaziyeva ◽  
Tsz Ting Lam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The New York Times ◽  
Publication Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of ownership change on media coverage by investigating the impact of Jeff Bezos's (Amazon's owner) purchase of the Washington Post (WP) in October 2013. We collect all articles that have Amazon mentions published by WP and the New York Times (NYT) for 12 months before and 12 months after the acquisition. Then, we use the difference-in-differences method to compare changes in sentiment, length, and time of publication of the articles reported by WP compared to NYT. From the comparison, we show that Amazon's acquisition has posed a certain extent of influence on the publication time of the articles. Our findings highlight that ownership change limits the media's ability to fulfill its role as a watchdog without interference. 

scholarly journals Study on the impact of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway on regional economic equity based on economic performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Yang ◽  
Qiong Tong ◽  
Pan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Equity

AbstractAccording to the panel data of stations along the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway (BSHR) from 2008 to 2018, the influence of BSHR on regional economy of cities along the line is analyzed, and the influence of the opening of the BSHR on regional economic equity of cities along the line, through constructing the difference-in-differences model. The research result shows that the opening of the BSHR greatly promotes the growth of the GDP per capita of the site cities along the line and the optimal allocation of resources, such as labor, information and technology, and accelerates the two-way flow of factors of production between big cities and small and medium-sized cities at stations along the high-speed railway, makes high-quality resources from small and medium-sized cities flow to big cities along the line, while some backward resources from big cities gradually tilt toward small- and medium-sized cities along the line. In short, the opening of BSHR promotes the economic growth of the cities along the line, shortens the economic gap between the cities, is conducive to realizing regional economic equity.

scholarly journals Difference-in-differences analysis and the propensity score to estimate the impact of non-randomized primary care interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Godard-Sebillotte ◽  
Sathya Karunananthan ◽  
Isabelle Vedel
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Impact
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