Recruitment Practices in the Private Sector: Results from a National Survey of Employers

Objective: This national survey was aimed at measuring the access to cardiovascular disease (CVD) medicines in terms of their availability, price, and affordability in Pakistan. This was done by using the standard WHO/Health Action International (HAI) methodology.Methods: The price and availability data for 18 CVD medicines were collected from public sector hospitals (n = 40) and private sector retail pharmacies (n = 40) in eight cities of Pakistan. The outcome measures were availability (calculated as percentage of health facilities stocked with listed medicines), medicine price to the international reference price ratio (i.e., median price ratio (MPR)), and affordability (calculated as number of days’ wages (NDWs) of the lowest paid unskilled government worker required to afford one-month treatment of a chronic disease). The affordability of standard treatment in Pakistan with four CVD drugs was compared with data from six other low and middle income countries (LMICs) using HAI database.Findings: The mean percent availability of CVD medicines was significantly low (p < 0.001) in the public sector as compared to the private sector, that is, 25.5% vs. 54.6% for originator brands (OBs) and 30.4% vs. 34.9% for lowest price generics (LPGs), respectively. For all OBs and LPGs, the inflation-adjusted mean MPR was 2.72 and 1, respectively. CVD medicines were found to be unaffordable with average NDWs of 6.4 and 2.2 for OBs and LPGs, respectively, that is, NDWs of more than 1. In international comparison with countries such as Sudan, Lebanon, Egypt, India, Afghanistan, and China, the affordability of standard treatment with selected CVD medicines (atenolol, amlodipine, captopril, and simvastatin) in Pakistan was found to be low. Overall, all four OBs and three out of four LPGs of selected CVD drugs were found unaffordable in Pakistan.Conclusion: This data indicated that the availability of selected CVD medicines was low in both public and private sector medicine outlets. Both OBs and LPGs were found unaffordable in the private sector, necessitating the redressal of pricing policies, structuring, and their implementation.

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A national survey of private-sector outpatient care of sick infants and young children in Nepal

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-020-05393-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bharat Ban ◽

Stephen Hodgins ◽

Pranita Thapa ◽

Surakschha Thapa ◽

Deepak Joshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Private Sector ◽

National Survey ◽

Outpatient Care ◽

Infants And Young Children

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Organising cleaning in Norwegian public FM

Journal of Facilities Management ◽

10.1108/jfm-02-2014-0007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 382-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nora Johanne Klungseth

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

National Survey ◽

Chief Executive Officer ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Chief Executive ◽

Facility Management ◽

Integrated Models ◽

Content Type ◽

The Future

Purpose – This paper aims to give an overview of the alternatives that Norwegian municipalities have regarding organisational models for their facility management (FM) and cleaning organisations, and to investigate what organisational models they apply, if building category or size of municipality influences their use of organisational models and whether their FM and cleaning organisations are organised similarly within identical municipalities. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a national survey conducted during year 2010. All Norwegian municipalities were invited to respond. The survey asked the head of the FM departments (or the chief executive officer [CEO] if the first could not answer) what organisational models they used for their FM and cleaning organisations and what changes they planned for the organisation in the future. All questions were asked according to different building categories to determine whether building category had any influence on their choices. Findings – Limited research has been published regarding the structure of the FM organisations in Norwegian municipalities and even less regarding their cleaning organisations. The results show that Norwegian municipalities prefer integrated models and also purchasing services from the private sector prior to applying decoupled models as inter-municipal alternatives and Municipal Limited Companies. The results do also indicate that Norwegian municipalities’ interest in such models is rising and that they seem to be moving away from traditional and integrated alternatives. Research limitations/implications – Although all municipalities were invited to the survey, only one-third responded. Originality/value – The article may represent a first thorough overview of what organisational models and what combinations of models Norwegian municipalities use for their FM and cleaning organisations. Compared to former studies, this article explores a greater variety in organisational models and a greater variety in researched building categories.

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Der Differences in Attitudes toward Unions

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399204600107 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 89-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lisa A. Schur ◽

Douglas L. Kruse

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Private Sector ◽

National Survey ◽

Work Force ◽

White Collar ◽

Family Responsibilities ◽

Female Workers ◽

The U.S

In the U.S. private sector, women are less likely than men to be union members. This study analyzes a unique national survey (conducted in 1984) to determine if women are less interested than men in unionizing or if, instead, they are equally interested but face higher barriers to unionization. The results support the latter interpretation. In particular, nonunion women in private sector white-collar jobs (representing over half of the female nonunion work force) expressed more interest than comparable men in joining unions. This finding appears to reflect more optimism among the women in this group than among the men about what unions can accomplish; it is not explained by gender differences in attitudes toward jobs or employers. The authors discount theories that family responsibilities, or concerns of female workers that set them apart from men, present special barriers to unionization.

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Did partnership in Ireland deliver for all workers? Unions and earnings

Employee Relations ◽

10.1108/er-10-2015-0196 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 946-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tom Turner ◽

Darragh Flannery

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Wage Inequality ◽

National Survey ◽

Response Rate ◽

Wage Gap ◽

National Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Social Partnership ◽

Non Union ◽

Over Time

Purpose After 20 years of social partnership in Ireland the purpose of this paper is to use a national survey of firms and employees to examine the extent of the wage gap between union and non-union workers in the private sector and compare the degree of wage inequality in union and non-union firms and among union and non-union employees. Design/methodology/approach The analysis in the paper is based on the National Employment Survey carried out by the Central Statistics Office in October 2008. Approximately 9,000 enterprises were sampled and almost 5,000 enterprises responded – a response rate of over 50 per cent while almost 100,000 employees were sampled and 65,535 completed the questionnaire – a response rate of over 60 per cent. In total 22 per cent (14,619) of respondents worked in the public sector and 78 per cent (50,916) in the private sector. Findings It appears that over time the earnings premium enjoyed by unionised workers has declined. This may reflect a long term decline in union bargaining power in the private sector as union density levels have declined. Even so unionised employees enjoy a wage premium over non-union employees and collective coverage appears to reduce levels of income inequality. However, the overall union wage gap is relatively modest – being generally below 10 per cent possibly due to the harmonising effects associated with the period of social partnership supported by government trade unions and employers. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional nature of the data means that the factors associated with variations in employee earnings over time cannot be identified. Practical implications There is substantial evidence of a considerable spill-over effect as nationally agreed rates of pay percolated from the union to the non-union sector. It may also be the case that social partnership has acted to reduce wage inequality in non-union as well as union establishments. It appears that partnership type arrangements have the capacity to deliver for all workers in the private sector. Originality/value A unique aspect of the national survey data used here is the availability of employer/employee matched data from a robust national level survey with measures of union membership, earnings, individual and employment characteristics.

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