Did partnership in Ireland deliver for all workers? Unions and earnings

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Darragh Flannery
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Over Time

Purpose After 20 years of social partnership in Ireland the purpose of this paper is to use a national survey of firms and employees to examine the extent of the wage gap between union and non-union workers in the private sector and compare the degree of wage inequality in union and non-union firms and among union and non-union employees. Design/methodology/approach The analysis in the paper is based on the National Employment Survey carried out by the Central Statistics Office in October 2008. Approximately 9,000 enterprises were sampled and almost 5,000 enterprises responded – a response rate of over 50 per cent while almost 100,000 employees were sampled and 65,535 completed the questionnaire – a response rate of over 60 per cent. In total 22 per cent (14,619) of respondents worked in the public sector and 78 per cent (50,916) in the private sector. Findings It appears that over time the earnings premium enjoyed by unionised workers has declined. This may reflect a long term decline in union bargaining power in the private sector as union density levels have declined. Even so unionised employees enjoy a wage premium over non-union employees and collective coverage appears to reduce levels of income inequality. However, the overall union wage gap is relatively modest – being generally below 10 per cent possibly due to the harmonising effects associated with the period of social partnership supported by government trade unions and employers. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional nature of the data means that the factors associated with variations in employee earnings over time cannot be identified. Practical implications There is substantial evidence of a considerable spill-over effect as nationally agreed rates of pay percolated from the union to the non-union sector. It may also be the case that social partnership has acted to reduce wage inequality in non-union as well as union establishments. It appears that partnership type arrangements have the capacity to deliver for all workers in the private sector. Originality/value A unique aspect of the national survey data used here is the availability of employer/employee matched data from a robust national level survey with measures of union membership, earnings, individual and employment characteristics.

scholarly journals A National Survey of Centers for Cognitive Disorders and Dementias in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1849-1857
Author(s):  
Marco Canevelli ◽  
Alessandra Di Pucchio ◽  
Fabrizio Marzolini ◽  
Flavia Mayer ◽  
Marco Massari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Questionnaire Response ◽  
Provision Of Care

Background: Italy has one of the oldest populations in the World and more than one million dementia cases can be estimated at the national level. Objective: The objectives of this national survey include: 1) to report the administrative features and the professional competencies of Centers for Cognitive Disorders and Dementias (CCDDs); 2) to document possible discrepancies by geographic macro-area; and 3) to identify the features of CCDDs that are associated with a better quality in the provision of care. Methods: A survey of Italian CCDDs was conducted between February 2014 and December 2015. A list of CCDDs was obtained through direct interactions with designed delegates from each Italian region. A questionnaire was defined on five sections concerning: 1) location of the CCDD; 2) access to the CCDD; 3) organization of the CCDD; 4) services and treatments provided; and 5) quantitative data on the activities of the CCDD. Results: Overall, 577 out of the 597 eligible CCDDs returned the completed survey questionnaire (response rate: 96.6%): 260 (45.1%) from Northern Italy, 103 (17.8%) from Central Italy, and 214 (37.1%) from Southern-Islands Italy. More than a third of CCDDs were open only once or twice weekly. A median of 450 (IQR: 200–800) patients regularly attended these services. Most patients (70%) were affected by dementia or mild cognitive impairment (19%). Conclusion: We have provided a snapshot of the organization and activities of CCDDs in Italy and documented existing inequalities in the provision of care.

Combating the financing of proliferation: challenges and new tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian John Stewart ◽  
Andrea Viski ◽  
Jonathan Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Task Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
Task Force Report ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Terrorist Financing

Purpose This paper aims to examine why most governments appear to attach less importance to countering proliferation finance than they do to countering money laundering or terrorist financing. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines this question from a number of perspectives including a definitional perspective, a national regulatory perspective and a private sector implementation perspective. Findings It is shown that there are presently significant gaps in counter proliferation finance implementation at the national level, with follow-on implications for private sector compliance. Research limitations/implications A key finding is that most governments do not address the issue of proliferation finance as distinct from other forms of financial crime such as terrorist financing or money laundering. Practical implications Practical opportunities for improved financial sector implementation of counter proliferation finance controls are identified, but it is argued that it is states that must do more to meet their obligations for improvements to be realised. Social implications The risk of not doing so is that the financial system will continue to be misused to finance the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Originality/value The study seeks to fill a gap in existing academic literature on the question of why proliferation finance receives less attention than other forms of financial crime. The study builds on original research undertaken by the authors including the typologies of proliferation finance, which were later incorporated into an updated Financial Action Task Force report on this topic, as well as events organised by the authors to explore the topic of proliferation finance implementation with governments and the private sector.

Discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabeh Morrar ◽  
Fernando Rios-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Worker ◽  
Palestinian Society ◽  
Worker Characteristics

PurposeThis paper examines the level and structure of the wage inequality between nonrefugee and refugee workers in Palestine and the extent to which such wage gap reflects any marginalization and discrimination against refugees. It also investigates how the disparities in distribution to individual worker characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use both Oaxaca and Blinder (OB) (Oaxaca, 1973 and Blinder, 1973) and Fortin et al. (2011) unconditional quantile decomposition approaches to measure the size of the wage gap along with the wage distribution and to decompose the wage differences into productivity (i.e. explained or the composition effects) and wage structure effects (i.e. unexplained or discrimination effects).FindingsResults indicate that most of the wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is attributed to the wage structure effect (possibly explained by discrimination) against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. The wage gap between refugees and nonrefugees is not uniform throughout the wage distribution and supports the “sticky floor effect.”Practical implicationsThis work introduces important policy implications for the policymakers in the Palestinian labor market. It reveals the economic and social factors, individual worker characteristics as well as labor market characteristics contribute to the wage inequality in Palestine.Social implicationsThis research reveals a crucial social challenge in the Palestinian society, represented by the wage discrimination against refugees in Palestine. This is despite the denial of such discrimination from official bodies, local institutions and many other policymakers. It also captures gender inequality between men and women.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical work in Palestine that contends with a very sensitive issue in the Palestinian society, that is, the discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. Most of the existing studies have approached this issue from a humanitarian view in order to show the deterioration of social and economic situations in the refugee camps.

scholarly journals Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap: Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women *

2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Card ◽  
Ana Rute Cardoso ◽  
Patrick Kline
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There is growing evidence that firm-specific pay premiums are an important source of wage inequality. These premiums will contribute to the gender wage gap if women are less likely to work at high-paying firms or if women negotiate (or are offered) worse wage bargains with their employers than men. Using longitudinal data on the hourly wages of Portuguese workers matched with income statement information for firms, we show that the wages of both men and women contain firm-specific premiums that are strongly correlated with simple measures of the potential bargaining surplus at each firm. We then show how the impact of these firm-specific pay differentials on the gender wage gap can be decomposed into a combination of sorting and bargaining effects. We find that women are less likely to work at firms that pay higher premiums to either gender, with sorting effects being most important for low- and middle-skilled workers. We also find that women receive only 90% of the firm-specific pay premiums earned by men. Importantly, we find the same gender gap in the responses of wages to changes in potential surplus over time. Taken together, the combination of sorting and bargaining effects explain about one-fifth of the cross-sectional gender wage gap in Portugal.

Wage inequality of immigrants by type of contract in Spain

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Caparrós Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Contract Type ◽  
Stable Employment ◽  
Permanent Workers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to approach a new aspect of the assimilation of immigrants in Spain. In particular, it is analyzed the effect of the type of contract on immigrant wages. The data used in this analysis come from the Spanish National Immigrant Survey, which was conducted by the Spanish Statistics Institute (INE) between 2006 and 2007. Design/methodology/approach – First, the methods and econometric specifications applied develop a wage model where the variable “contract type” is considered as an endogenous regressor. Second, the average wage gap between temporary and permanent workers is decomposed between a portion attributable to differences in characteristics and another to differences in coefficients. Findings – It is found that workers with a permanent contract received a wage premium with respect to temporary workers even for equal work and equal productivity. Social implications – Results indicate the importance of job stability for the integration and assimilation of immigrants in Spain, and offer an economic argument to support labour policies that encourage stable employment relationships. Originality/value – This paper takes a novel approach of the assimilation of immigrants in the Spanish labour market.

Is Occupational Licensing More Beneficial for Women than for Men? The Case of Germany, 1993/2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
Nils Witte ◽  
Andreas Haupt
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wage Premiums ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Gender Wage Inequality

Abstract This article analyzes the relation of gender wage inequality to occupational licensing in Germany in 1993 and 2015. We show that the very particular German licensing system and strong gender segregation lead to an overrepresentation of women in licensed occupations. We further investigate, whether both genders benefit equally from licensing in terms of wages. Finally, we study whether both women’s overrepresentation and potential gender gaps within licensed occupations help to explain patterns in the overall gender wage gap. To this end, we distinguish licensed occupations in professions and semi-professions. We use 1993 and 2015 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study to apply repeated cross-sectional regressions and decompositions. Our findings suggest that women benefited more from licensing in 1993 than in 2015. Men’s wage premiums seem to increase over time, but women’s premiums do not. We also show that semi-professions are less rewarding and women are overrepresented in these occupations. Finally, increased demand for licensed occupations is an important contribution to narrowing the gender wage gap. Women’s increased employment in licensed occupations alone would have reduced the overall gender wage gap by roughly 8 per cent.

Gender wage differential in private and public sector employment

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur ◽  
Rajeev Pydayya
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the magnitude of the gender wage disparity in the public and private sectors in Mauritius across both mean differentials and overall wage distribution. The paper then decomposed the gender wage differential using the Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) decomposition technique. Design/methodology/approach The study uses cross-sectional data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Budget Survey (CMPHS), from 2006 to 2013. The sample size on average is around 12,000 households surveyed per year. Findings The results reveal that that gender wage differentials are prevalent in both economic sectors; however, the disparity is more pronounced in the private sector. In addition, the differences in wages are larger at the bottom compared to the top end of the wage distribution, suggesting the presence of sticky floors. Lastly, it was observed that the unexplained wage gap (discrimination) is higher in the private sector than in public sector across the years. Originality/value The literature on the gender wage gap in Africa is limited. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender wage differential with an analysis of the gender wage disparity across the public and private sectors in Mauritius.

The integration of crime analysis into police patrol work

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Boba Santos ◽  
Bruce Taylor
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
General Information ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Directed Patrol ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
The Usa

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine national survey data of police agencies in the USA to explore the current state of crime analysis integration to patrol crime reduction work. Design/methodology/approach – The data examined in this paper are from a national quantitative survey which sought to understand how crime analysis results are used by officers as well as higher ranking personnel in the patrol division and what types of strategies are implemented using crime analysis. Findings – The findings show that the routine use of crime analysis is not well integrated. Despite the low integration, however, some differences were found. Management uses crime analysis the most overall, but officers and first-line supervisors use tactical crime analysis more routinely than management, where management personnel use evaluation most routinely. Tactical crime analysis is used most often for directed patrol, strategic for both directed patrol and general information, and evaluation for both general information and crime prevention. Analysis of using analysis proactively shows that agencies use tactical crime analysis most proactively, followed by the strategic crime analysis, then evaluation. Research limitations/implications – The study relies on self-report surveys, so the results may suffer from some of the general limitations of self-reports. Also, the study resulted in a lower response rate than surveys of police agencies typically achieve. Although responding and non-responding agencies were comparable in terms of population size, number of officers, and region of the country, the response rate was about 55 percent. However, it is a possibility based on the analysis results that non-responses may reflect a disinterest in the topic or the lack of integration of crime analysis. Originality/value – This is the first national survey that focussed specifically on crime analysis integration in patrol work for crime reduction. The value of the results presented here are in the description of the current state of crime analysis integration in the USA which has not been investigated in such depth before and the identifications of gaps in both research in practice.

Organising cleaning in Norwegian public FM

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Johanne Klungseth
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Facility Management ◽  
Integrated Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Future

Purpose – This paper aims to give an overview of the alternatives that Norwegian municipalities have regarding organisational models for their facility management (FM) and cleaning organisations, and to investigate what organisational models they apply, if building category or size of municipality influences their use of organisational models and whether their FM and cleaning organisations are organised similarly within identical municipalities. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a national survey conducted during year 2010. All Norwegian municipalities were invited to respond. The survey asked the head of the FM departments (or the chief executive officer [CEO] if the first could not answer) what organisational models they used for their FM and cleaning organisations and what changes they planned for the organisation in the future. All questions were asked according to different building categories to determine whether building category had any influence on their choices. Findings – Limited research has been published regarding the structure of the FM organisations in Norwegian municipalities and even less regarding their cleaning organisations. The results show that Norwegian municipalities prefer integrated models and also purchasing services from the private sector prior to applying decoupled models as inter-municipal alternatives and Municipal Limited Companies. The results do also indicate that Norwegian municipalities’ interest in such models is rising and that they seem to be moving away from traditional and integrated alternatives. Research limitations/implications – Although all municipalities were invited to the survey, only one-third responded. Originality/value – The article may represent a first thorough overview of what organisational models and what combinations of models Norwegian municipalities use for their FM and cleaning organisations. Compared to former studies, this article explores a greater variety in organisational models and a greater variety in researched building categories.

scholarly journals Analysis of 220 Years of Floodplain Population Dynamics in the US at Different Spatial Scales

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Firoza Akhter ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoleni ◽  
Luigia Brandimarte
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

In this study, we explore the long-term trends of floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales in the contiguous United States (U.S.). We exploit different types of datasets from 1790–2010—i.e., decadal spatial distribution for the population density in the US, global floodplains dataset, large-scale data of flood occurrence and damage, and structural and nonstructural flood protection measures for the US. At the national level, we found that the population initially settled down within the floodplains and then spread across its territory over time. At the state level, we observed that flood damages and national protection measures might have contributed to a learning effect, which in turn, shaped the floodplain population dynamics over time. Finally, at the county level, other socio-economic factors such as local flood insurances, economic activities, and socio-political context may predominantly influence the dynamics. Our study shows that different influencing factors affect floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales. These facts are crucial for a reliable development and implementation of flood risk management planning.

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