scholarly journals Examining Age, Sex, and Race Characteristics of Velopharyngeal Structures in 4- to 9-Year-Old Children Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Perry ◽  
Lakshmi Kollara ◽  
David P. Kuehn ◽  
Bradley P. Sutton ◽  
Xiangming Fang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Mean Values

Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantify the growth of the various craniofacial and velopharyngeal structures and examine sex and race effects. Methods: Eight-five healthy children (53 white and 32 black) with normal velopharyngeal anatomy between 4 and 9 years of age who met the inclusion criteria and successfully completed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were included in the study. Results: Developmental normative mean values for selected craniofacial and velopharyngeal variables by race and sex are reported. Facial skeleton variables (face height, nasion to sella, sella to basion, palate height, palate width) and velopharyngeal variables (levator muscle length, angle of origin, sagittal angle, velar length, velar thickness, velar knee to posterior pharyngeal wall, and posterior nasal spine to levator muscle) demonstrated a trend toward a decrease in angle measures and increase in linear measures as age increased (with the exception of posterior nasal spine to levator muscle). Only hard palate width and levator muscle length showed a significant sex effect. However, 2 facial skeleton and 6 velopharyngeal variables showed a significant race effect. The interactions between sex, race, and age were not statistically significant across all variables, with the exception of posterior nasal spine to posterior pharyngeal wall. Conclusion: Findings established a large age- and race-specific normative reference for craniofacial and velopharyngeal variables. Data reveal minimal sexual dimorphism among variables used in the present study; however, significant racial effects were observed.

Dynamic Analysis of Articulatory Movement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Movies: Methods and Implications in Cleft Lip and Palate

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Shinagawa ◽  
Takashi Ono ◽  
Ei-Ichi Honda ◽  
Shinobu Masaki ◽  
Yasuhiro Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Normal Volunteer ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Articulatory Movement ◽  
The Subject

Objectives To visualize articulatory movement using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie of a subject with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and to demonstrate the usefulness of this method for studying oropharyngeal function. Material and Methods Dynamic changes in oropharyngeal structures were assessed with an MRI movie of a man with cleft lip and palate and in a normal adult male volunteer during the articulation of /pa/, /ta/, and /ka/. Results and Conclusions Different movement patterns were observed during articulation in the subject with CLP compared with the normal volunteer. Posterosuperior movement of the tongue and the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall were clearly visualized in the subject with CLP. Thus, MRI movies appear to be a promising tool for evaluating speech function in patients with CLP because of their noninvasive and nonradiation nature.

Effects of Gravity on the Velopharyngeal Structures in Children Using Upright Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kollara ◽  
Jamie L. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol

Objective The influence of gravity on the velopharyngeal structures in children is unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare the velopharyngeal mechanism in the upright and supine positions while at rest and during sustained speech production in children between 4 and 8 years old. Methods A 0.6 Tesla open-type, multipositional magnetic resonance imaging scanner was used to image subjects in the upright and supine positions. The scanning protocol included a T2 fluid attenuation inversion recovery and an oblique coronal turbo spin echo scan with short scanning durations (7.9 seconds) to enable visualization of the velopharyngeal anatomy during rest and production of sustained /i/ and /s/. Results The magnetic resonance imaging protocol used for this study enabled successful visualization of the velopharyngeal anatomy in the sagittal and oblique coronal planes at rest and during sustained phonation of /i/ and /s/. Positional differences demonstrated a small nonsignificant ( P > .05) variation for velar measures (length, thickness, and height), retrovelar space, and levator veli palatini measures (length and angles of origin). Conclusions Gravity had a negligible effect on velar length, velar thickness, velar height, retrovelar space, levator muscle length, and levator angles of origin. Supine imaging data can be translated to an upright activity such as speech. This is the first study to provide normative levator muscle lengths for children between 4 and 8 years old. Upright imaging may be a promising tool for difficult-to-test populations.

scholarly journals Assessment of Upper Airway Anatomy in Awake, Sedated and Anaesthetised Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Shorten ◽  
N. J. Opie ◽  
P. Graziotti ◽  
I. Morris ◽  
M. Khangure
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Airway Anatomy ◽  
Clinically Significant

Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to quantify the effects of 1. sedation and 2. general anaesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in place on the minimum antero-posterior (A-P) diameters of the naso-, oro- and hypopharynx and on the angle of the epiglottis relative to the adjacent posterior pharyngeal wall. Median saggital T1-weighted images of the pharynx were obtained in 46 patients (16 awake, 14 sedated, 16 under general anaesthesia). In sedated patients, the A-P diameters of the pharynx were less than in awake patients, in particular at the levels of the epiglottis and soft palate. General anaesthesia and placement of a LMA was also associated with a reduced A-P diameter at the level of the soft palate, but with increased diameters at the levels of the tongue and epiglottis. Placement of a LMA caused abnormal downfolding of the epiglottis in most cases but this did not cause clinically significant airway obstruction.

Three-Dimensional Computer Reconstruction of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle in Situ Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Perry ◽  
David P. Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computer Reconstruction ◽  
Levator Veli Palatini

Objective: Most studies have used two-dimensional (2D) data to image and study the velopharyngeal mechanism, oversimplifying the complexity of the system. Three-dimensional (3D) computer modeling and animation offers the advantage of viewing in all coordinate planes and gives the researcher the ability to apply external forces and chart resultant movement patterns. The objective of this project was to create a 3D model of the velopharyngeal mechanism, with primary focus on the levator veli palatini muscle, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to demonstrate the velum at rest and during elevation. Method: Quantitative data, based on MRI analyses and consisting of levator muscle length, width, and orientation were modeled using the Maya software system. Results: Using data derived from MRI analyses, an accurate and realistic computer reconstruction of the levator muscle in situ was possible. A video of the animation was created to demonstrate the anatomy from variable view points, layering of the velar muscles, and movement of the velopharyngeal mechanism during vowel production. Conclusion: Improvements in visualization of the levator veli palatini muscle through 3D computer graphics offer a promising future for the field of speech science in providing advancements in basic research. It will be valuable in applied research and clinical activities such as surgical management for individuals impacted by a cleft palate. It is a step forward in creating models of abnormal anatomy (i.e., cleft palate) and is a step closer to a virtual surgical planning tool.

Cervical Spondylodiscitis—A Rare Complication of Palatopharyngeal Flap Surgery

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikke Holmgaard ◽  
Linda P. Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Surgical Wound ◽  
Flap Surgery ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Cervical Spondylodiscitis

Cervical spondylodiscitis was diagnosed in a 31-year-old man 2 months after palatopharyngeal flap surgery. Symptoms included pain in the neck and tingling and numbness in the left arm. The diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, and the patient recovered on antibiotic treatment. We propose that the spondylodiscitis may have occurred as a result of a local infection in and around the surgical wound in the posterior pharyngeal wall.

scholarly journals Substantia nigra neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging in patients with different subtypes of Parkinson disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yayun Yan ◽  
Liyao Zhang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Ruirui Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mean Values

AbstractNeuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment that mainly exists in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In Parkinson disease (PD) patients, NM concentration decreases gradually with degeneration and necrosis of dopamine neurons, suggesting potential use as a PD biomarker. We aimed to evaluate associations between NM concentration in in vivo SN and PD progression and different motor subtypes using NM magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI). Fifty-four patients with idiopathic PD were enrolled. Patients were divided into groups by subtypes with different clinical symptoms: tremor dominant (TD) group and postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) group. Fifteen healthy age-matched volunteers were enrolled as controls. All subjects underwent clinical assessment and NM-MRI examination. PD patients showed significantly decreased contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values in medial and lateral SN (P < 0.05) compared to controls. CNR values in lateral SN region decreased linearly with PD progression (P = 0.001). PIGD patients showed significant decreases in CNR mean values in lateral SN compared to TD patients (P = 0.004). Diagnostic accuracy of using lateral substantia nigra (SN) in TD and PIGD groups was 79% (sensitivity 76.5%, specificity 78.6%). NM concentration in PD patients decreases gradually during disease progression and differs significantly between PD subtypes. NM may be a reliable biomarker for PD severity and subtype identification.

Does diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging have a place in the differential diagnosis of brucella sacroiliitis and seronegative spondyloarthropathy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 028418512093837
Author(s):  
Sunay Sibel Karayol ◽  
Kudret Cem Karayol
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
The Mean

Background The aim of this study is to investigate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the differential diagnosis of sacroiliitis. Purpose To compare the sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of patients with suspected active sacroiliitis with patients with acute SpA MR findings and the DWI examinations of patients with acute brucella sacroiliitis, and thereby determine whether DWI can contribute to the differential diagnosis. Material and Methods A total of 84 patients were included in the study and were separated into three groups: group 1 (13 women, 6 men) comprised cases with brucella positive for sacroiliitis; group 2 (17 women, 19 men) comprised cases negative for brucella but with sacroiliitis; and group 3 (16 women, 13 men) comprised cases negative for brucella and sacroiliitis. Results The mean bone marrow apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values independently of edema were determined as 0.71 × 10−3 in sacroiliitis and brucella-positive patients, as 0.53 × 10−3 in brucella-negative and sacroiliitis-positive patients, and as 0.43 × 10−3 in the control group of brucella-negative sacroiliitis-negative patients. In the ADC measurements taken from areas of evident edema in patients with sacroiliitis, the mean values were 0.13 × 10−3 in the brucella-positive group and 0.12 × 10−3 in the brucella-negative group. Conclusion By adding DWI, which is a rapid MR sequence, to sacroiliac joint MR examination, normal bone marrow and bone marrow with sacroiliitis can be objectively differentiated with ADC measurements in addition to visual evaluation.

Magnetic resonance imaging T1 relaxation times for the liver, pancreas and spleen in healthy children at 1.5 and 3 tesla

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1018-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah A. Gilligan ◽  
Jonathan R. Dillman ◽  
Jean A. Tkach ◽  
Stavra A. Xanthakos ◽  
Jacqueline K. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
3 Tesla ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
T1 Relaxation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Occult Submucous Cleft Palate

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Kuehn ◽  
Sandra L. Ettema ◽  
Michael S. Goldwasser ◽  
Joseph C. Barkmeier ◽  
Jayne M. Wachtel
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Submucous Cleft Palate

Objective: To explore the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with occult submucous cleft palate and to use the MRI information obtained to aid in the treatment decision to perform surgery versus behavioral speech therapy. Design: Prospective study with magnetic resonance (MR) images of subjects suspected of having occult submucous cleft palate. Setting: Hospital and university-based. Patients: Two girls who were 4 years old at the time of palatal surgery. Intervention: Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty. Main outcome measures: MR images and clinical speech evaluations. Results: MR images provided evidence of an interruption of levator veli palatini muscle tissue in the midline and a substantial attachment of levator muscle tissue to the posterior border of the hard palate. In addition, MR images for both subjects demonstrated remarkably similar bilateral encapsulating sheaths that contained nonmuscular tissue, as confirmed subsequently during surgery. The encapsulating sheaths interrupted the normal progression of the levator muscle sling across the midline. The MR images led to the decision to perform surgery instead of speech therapy. Hypernasality was markedly reduced in both subjects after surgery. Conclusions: MRI is an effective technique for diagnosing occult submucous cleft palate and may be an important aid in the treatment decision regarding surgery versus behavioral speech therapy for patients diagnosed with occult submucous cleft palate.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radiographic Assessment of Carpal Depressions in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Normal Variants or Erosions?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER BOAVIDA ◽  
RIKIN HARGUNANI ◽  
CATHERINE M. OWENS ◽  
KAREN ROSENDAHL
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Bone Marrow Edema ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Normal Variants ◽  
Vascular Channels ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Objective.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and followup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Carpal depressions are commonly observed in healthy children and in patients with JIA. The aim of our study was to further characterize these depressions in patients with JIA.Methods.A total of 29 MRI wrist examinations were analyzed. Depressions were classified according to morphology as either tubular or focal. Features including the presence of a vessel related to the depression, evidence of synovitis, bone marrow edema, or loss of joint space on a radiograph taken on the same day were recorded for each depression.Results.A total of 173 depressions were identified in 145 carpal bones. Forty percent were capitate depressions. A third were focal depressions and two-thirds were tubular. About 10% of tubular depressions and 30% of focal depressions were associated with features suggesting true erosions, with the remainder likely to represent vascular channels and normal variants.Conclusion.Radiologists and clinicians should undertake caution when assessing carpal depressions on MRI because the vast majority are likely to represent normal variants.

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