scholarly journals Can Situational Action Theory Explain the Gender Gap in Adolescent Shoplifting? Results From Austria

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hirtenlehner ◽  
Kyle Treiber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Situational Action Theory

Although shoplifting is one of the crimes with the smallest gender gap among all offense types, most studies still conclude that males steal from shops more frequently than females. The roots of the gendered distribution of shoplifting have not yet been satisfactorily explained. This work investigates whether situational action theory (SAT) can account for males’ greater involvement in shoplifting compared to females and if the propensity–exposure interaction that is at the heart of the theory applies to both genders. Results from a large-scale student survey conducted in Austria suggest that SAT generalizes to both genders and that it is well suited to explain why males are more likely to shoplift than females.

The compensatory effects of inner and outer controls

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hirtenlehner ◽  
Gorazd Meško
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Situational Action Theory ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Internal and external controls have been firmly established as factors restraining criminal activity, but surprisingly little is known about their concrete interplay. Inspired by recent theoretical developments, such as Situational Action Theory or the life-course model of interdependence, this work addresses the question whether the crime-reducing impact of outer controls is conditioned by the level of inner controls. Analyses of a student survey from Slovenia reveal that external regulatory mechanisms exercise a greater effect when internal restraints decrease in size. This finding points to a compensatory relationship between controls located in different domains. Inner and outer controls may substitute for one another to a certain extent.

How Robust Is the Moderating Effect of Extremist Beliefs on the Relationship Between Self-Control and Violent Extremism?

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1000-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieven J. R. Pauwels ◽  
Robert Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Situational Action Theory ◽  
Adolescent Offending ◽  
The Relationship

The present research note studies the interaction between the ability to exercise self-control and extremist moral beliefs with regard to the explanation of violent extremism. Although some evidence exists for the interaction between moral beliefs and self-control in the explanation of adolescent offending, no previous study has studied this interaction effect in a survey of young adults and with regard to politically or religiously motivated violence. This study therefore extends the existing literature by testing a key proposition of Situational Action Theory. We use a large-scale web survey of young adults in Belgium. The results support the hypothesis that the effect of the ability to exercise self-control is conditional upon one’s extremist beliefs. The results are stable across extremism-specific measures of extremist beliefs.

scholarly journals Explaining cheating in schools with Situational Action Theory: Within-estimations using a German school panel

2021 ◽  
pp. 147737082110552
Author(s):  
André Ernst ◽  
Maria Gerth
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
German School ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Situational Action Theory ◽  
Using Data

Wikström's Situational Action Theory (SAT) explains rule-breaking by reference to the cognitive perception-choice process, which indicates how a person's propensity to break rules interacts with the setting's criminogeneity. SAT's situational model claims that the interaction between personal morality and the moral norms of the setting, the so-called moral filter, is critical in the explanation of rule-breaking, and that the influence of self-control is subordinate to this process. Self-control becomes relevant when individuals whose personal morality discourages rule-breaking are exposed to settings in which the moral norms encourage rule-breaking, that is, if the moral filter is conflicted. Whereas most previous studies have equated the moral filter with personal morality, we consider the moral norms of the setting as well. This allows for a more rigorous test of the moral filter, and thus the conditionality of self-control. Here, we investigate student cheating, using data from two waves of a large-scale German school panel study, and we conceptualise the setting's moral norms by reference to the descriptive norm: other students’ cheating behaviour. This ensures the spatio-linkage between the setting's criminogeneity and rule-breaking, which is necessary for investigating SAT. Additionally, our estimation strategy – person and school fixed-effect models – controls for alternative explanations by the selection of people into settings with different levels of criminogeneity. Moreover, it controls for heterogeneity across persons and schools. The findings are in line with SAT's predictions. In cases of a correspondence between personal morality and the moral norms of a setting, students with rule-abiding morality are least likely to cheat, whereas students with a rule-breaking morality are the most likely to cheat. Also, in line with SAT, self-control only matters for students with rule-abiding morality when they are exposed to moral norms that encourage rule-breaking.

scholarly journals Educated Choices Program: An Impact Evaluation of a Classroom Intervention to Reduce Animal Product Consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher John Bryant ◽  
Courtney Dillard
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Survey Responses

In this comprehensive evaluation of Educated Choices Program’s educational intervention, we report on our analysis of 95,241 student survey responses. We are excited to share these findings for a number of reasons. First and foremost, our analysis clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of this educational intervention in positively impacting student attitudes, behavioral intentions and self-reported behaviors in regard to their food choices. The scale of the dataset and the comprehensive nature of the analyses conducted provides a strong basis for funding considerations for educational interventions. This is particularly heartening because similar impacts have been difficult to find in other consumer-facing advocacy interventions. As will be highlighted later in the report, ECP’s model of intervention is both high quality and cost effective, allaying some fears about the feasibility of deploying effective interventions of this nature on a large scale.

Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars’ work

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2102945118
Author(s):  
Orsolya Vásárhelyi ◽  
Igor Zakhlebin ◽  
Staša Milojević ◽  
Emőke-Ágnes Horvát
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Coauthorship Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Unbiased science dissemination has the potential to alleviate some of the known gender disparities in academia by exposing female scholars’ work to other scientists and the public. And yet, we lack comprehensive understanding of the relationship between gender and science dissemination online. Our large-scale analyses, encompassing half a million scholars, revealed that female scholars’ work is mentioned less frequently than male scholars’ work in all research areas. When exploring the characteristics associated with online success, we found that the impact of prior work, social capital, and gendered tie formation in coauthorship networks are linked with online success for men, but not for women—even in the areas with the highest female representation. These results suggest that while men’s scientific impact and collaboration networks are associated with higher visibility online, there are no universally identifiable facets associated with success for women. Our comprehensive empirical evidence indicates that the gender gap in online science dissemination is coupled with a lack of understanding the characteristics that are linked with female scholars’ success, which might hinder efforts to close the gender gap in visibility.

The gender gap in work–life balance satisfaction across occupations

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Dilmaghani ◽  
Vurain Tabvuma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Data Limitations

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the gender gaps in work–life balance satisfaction across occupations. Due to data limitations, the studies of work–life balance satisfaction have generally relied on researcher collected data. As a result, large-scale studies encompassing all occupations in the same social and policy context are rare. In several cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey, the respondents are directly asked about their work–life balance (WLB) satisfaction. The present paper takes advantage of this unique opportunity to compare the gender gap in WLB satisfaction across occupations in Canada. Design/methodology/approach This paper pools four cross-sectional datasets (N = 37,335). Multivariate regression analysis is used. Findings Women in management and education are found to have a lower WLB satisfaction than their male counterparts. Conversely, and rather surprisingly, a WLB satisfaction advantage is found for women in transport over males in this occupation. Further investigation shows that the female WLB advantage in transport is driven by the relatively low WLB satisfaction of males in this occupation, while the opposite is true for education. Social implications The findings are discussed in light of the WLB policies and their increasing gender-blindness. Originality/value This paper is the first large-scale study which compares the gender gap in WLB satisfaction across occupations, in a given policy context.

Analyzing the Gender Gap in Math Achievement: Evidence from a Large-Scale US Sample

2013 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehanzeb R. Cheema ◽  
Gary Galluzzo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Math Achievement

The nature and role of morality in situational action theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082097709
Author(s):  
Jennifer Barton-Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Moral Rule ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Situational Action Theory ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perception Of Action

For situational action theory (SAT), morality is key to the definition of crime and the explanation for why and how acts of crime happen: acts of crime are acts of moral rule-breaking and personal morality guides individuals’ perception of moral rule-breaking as an option before controls become relevant. However, the nature and role of morality in SAT can be misread. Within this article I respond to misinterpretations of the theory by elaborating and adding further context to the concept of morality in SAT. I contend that the root of misunderstanding is grounded in alternative assumptions regarding human nature: SAT assumes a fundamentally rule-guided human nature, whereas the prevailing view within criminology is that people are primarily self-interested. In this article I delineate SAT’s assumption of a rule-guided human nature and set out how this assumption informs the definition of crime and personal morality in the theory. I further specify the nature and role of morality in the perception of action alternatives, and in so doing distinguish SAT from theories that view constraint as the measure of morality. Finally, I develop and clarify SAT’s position on the relationship between morality and the law.

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