Operator Stress and Display Design

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Hancock ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Team Cohesion ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Jigsaw Puzzle ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Situational Stress ◽  
And Task

These design guidelines, based on knowledge of how operators perform under time and task pressure, can lead to better decision making in emergencies. IT IS NEAR THE END OF A LONG SHIFT, some hours past midnight, and the combined effects of caffeine, nicotine, and sugared snacks are no longer sufficient to sustain the alertness of tired and weary operators. Circadian rhythms are at their lowest ebb while oppressive, routine operations have so long persisted that chronic boredom reigns supreme. Suddenly a warning sounds, then another, then another — the systems displays are producing a cascade of flashing lights and tone alarms. Operators rush to workstations, where information begins to overflow like a virtual Niagara of bytes. The apprehension in the air is tangible. It is evident to everyone that a coherent response must be made soon if the situation is to be recovered. As a result, time pressure is now added to anxiety and information overload and rapidly shifts the situation from boredom to terror (Hancock, 1997a). The answers to the problem are somewhere in the system, but a massive noise-to-signal problem is building by the minute. Unfortunately, the resolution is spread across a tapestry of displays. Like pieces of a dynamic jigsaw puzzle, the solution resides in separate parts distributed across many minds, but team communication and team cohesion are rapidly failing, overwhelmed by the demands of information overload and the destructive effects of situational stress. If someone doesn't do something soon…

scholarly journals Cognitive States Matter: Design Guidelines for Driving Situation Awareness in Smart Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daehee Park ◽  
Wan Chul Yoon ◽  
Uichin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
The Future ◽  
Situational Information ◽  
Pressure State ◽  
Resource State

Situation awareness (SA) is crucial for safe driving. It is all about perception, comprehension of current situations and projection of the future status. It is demanding for drivers to constantly maintain SA by checking for potential hazards while performing the primary driving tasks. As vehicles in the future will be equipped with more sensors, it is likely that an SA aiding system will present complex situational information to drivers. Although drivers have difficulty to process a variety of complex situational information due to limited cognitive capabilities and perceive the information differently depending upon their cognitive states, the well-known SA design principles by Endsley only provide general guidelines. The principles lack detailed guidelines for dealing with limited human cognitive capabilities. Cognitive capability is a mental capability including planning, complex idea comprehension, and learning from experience. A cognitive state can be regarded as a condition of being (e.g., the state of being aware of the situation). In this paper, we investigate the key cognitive attributes related to SA in driving contexts (i.e., attention focus, mental model, workload, and memory). Endsley proposed that those key cognitive attributes are the main factors that influence SA. In those with higher levels of attributes, we found eight cognitive states which mainly influence a human driver in achieving SA. These are the focused attention state, inattentional blindness state, unfamiliar situation state, familiar situation state, insufficient mental resource state, sufficient mental resource state, high time pressure state, and low time pressure state. We then propose cognitive state aware SA design guidelines that can help designers to effectively convey situation information to drivers. As a case study, we demonstrated the usefulness of our cognitive state aware SA design guidelines by conducting controlled experiments where an existing SA interface is compared with a new SA interface designed following the key guidelines. We used the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Decision-Making Questionnaire (DMQ) to measure the SA and decision-making style scores, respectively. Our results show that the new guidelines allowed participants to achieve significantly higher SA and exhibit better decision making performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Trust between the Time Pressure and Complexity in Judging and Decision-Making in Auditing

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleston Alexandre dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Roberto da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Behavioral Decision Theory ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
And Task

ABSTRACT Objective: the study aimed to assess the moderating effect of confidence in the joint influence of time pressure and complexity in judgment and decision-making (JDM) in auditing. The behavioral decision theory (BDT) was used from the perspective of the anchoring heuristic. Methods: as a method, the 2x2x2 experiment was used with a final sample of 126 independent auditors. For analysis, the t-test and multiple linear regressions were used. Results: the findings allow us to infer that factors such as trust, time pressure, and complexity, individually and jointly, influence JDM. The study showed that trust moderates the joint influence of time pressure and complexity on JDM. Time pressure and task complexity negatively influence JDM, but when including trust as a moderating factor, the effect of time pressure and complexity is mitigated, reducing the auditor’s difficulties and uncertainties in JDM. Conclusion: the study contributes to BDT, moving academic research toward understanding the interrelationships between personal, environmental, and task factors. It also contributes by presenting evidence that there is a need for considering and observing the effects generated by the factors altogether, in order to contribute to improving the quality of the audit.

Deciding the Adequacy of a Set of Tests for an Specific Assessment Situation. Decision-making Strategies

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
R. Esteve ◽  
A. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Information Load ◽  
Variable Pattern ◽  
Mode Effects ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Information Board ◽  
Decision Importance

The aim of the present paper was to test the effects of response mode (choice vs. judgment) on decision-making strategies when subjects were faced with the task of deciding the adequacy of a set of tests for a specific assessment situation. Compared with choice, judgment was predicted to lead to more information sought, more time spent on the task, a less variable pattern of search, and a greater amount of interdimensional search. Three variables hypothesized as potential moderators of the response mode effects are also studied: time pressure, information load and decision importance. Using an information board, 300 subjects made decisions (choices and judgments) on tests for a concrete assessment situation, under high or low time pressure, high or low information load, and high or low decision importance. Response mode produced strong effects on all measures of decision behavior except for pattern of search. Moderator effects occurred for time pressure and information load.

Economic decision making under conditions of extreme time pressure and option overload: an eye-tracking study

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Reutskaja ◽  
Johannes Pulst-Korenberg ◽  
Rosemarie Nagel ◽  
Colin F. Camerer ◽  
Antonio Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making

Architecture for Decision-Making and Task-Oriented Reasoning for the Web of Trust

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ustymenko ◽  
Daniel G. Schwartz ◽  
George Maroulis ◽  
Theodore E. Simos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Web Of Trust ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
The Web ◽  
And Task

Functional Requirements for Effective Decision Making in Humanrobot Teams: Lessons Learned from Operational Settings

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-456
Author(s):  
James Tittle ◽  
William Elm ◽  
Scott Potter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Urban Search And Rescue ◽  
Robot Teams

Many environments require humans and robots operating together to accomplish complex and dangerous tasks, but technology-centered designs often support robot navigation but not the mission goals of the organization using the robot. Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) is a particularly valuable domain to identify general functional requirements for effective HRI, and our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate how a CSE approach can lead to valuable design guidelines that more effectively support decision making within Human-Robot teams. Our analysis of HRI in USAR lead us to identify several important guidelines for supporting effective coordination for Human-Robot teams: including (i) enable individual problem holders to have direct control over point-of-view to facilitate active information seeking, and (ii) create common reference frames on shared imagery so different problem holders can remotely coordinate information and actions. Designs based on these guidelines will support a broad class of coordinated activities between team members.

The use and non-use of the government financial report by Maltese Members of Parliament

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1124-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josette Caruana ◽  
Brady Farrugia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Questionnaire Research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the use and non-use of the Government Financial Report by Maltese Members of Parliament (MPs). It refers to information overload theory to analyse the gap between financial reports and their relevance for decision making. Design/methodology/approach A mix of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (questionnaire) research tools are applied, with the Maltese MPs being the research participants. This method is acclaimed to be comprehensive, but this study highlights certain disadvantages when applied in the political arena. Findings The characteristics of the information itself could be the main cause of information overload, resulting in the non-use of the financial report for decision making. Politicians refer to financial data for their decision making, but not to the data presented in the financial report. Irrespective of the politician’s professional background, the data in the financial report is perceived as incomplete and outdated. Practical implications The cause of information overload and its effects are important considerations for preparers of financial information and accounting standard setters, if they wish that their production is relevant for decision makers. Originality/value There is an increase in research concerning politicians’ use of budgetary and performance information, at local and regional levels of government. This study investigates exclusively the use of the financial report by politicians at central level, in a politically stable environment.

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