scholarly journals Cognitive States Matter: Design Guidelines for Driving Situation Awareness in Smart Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daehee Park ◽  
Wan Chul Yoon ◽  
Uichin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
The Future ◽  
Situational Information ◽  
Pressure State ◽  
Resource State

Situation awareness (SA) is crucial for safe driving. It is all about perception, comprehension of current situations and projection of the future status. It is demanding for drivers to constantly maintain SA by checking for potential hazards while performing the primary driving tasks. As vehicles in the future will be equipped with more sensors, it is likely that an SA aiding system will present complex situational information to drivers. Although drivers have difficulty to process a variety of complex situational information due to limited cognitive capabilities and perceive the information differently depending upon their cognitive states, the well-known SA design principles by Endsley only provide general guidelines. The principles lack detailed guidelines for dealing with limited human cognitive capabilities. Cognitive capability is a mental capability including planning, complex idea comprehension, and learning from experience. A cognitive state can be regarded as a condition of being (e.g., the state of being aware of the situation). In this paper, we investigate the key cognitive attributes related to SA in driving contexts (i.e., attention focus, mental model, workload, and memory). Endsley proposed that those key cognitive attributes are the main factors that influence SA. In those with higher levels of attributes, we found eight cognitive states which mainly influence a human driver in achieving SA. These are the focused attention state, inattentional blindness state, unfamiliar situation state, familiar situation state, insufficient mental resource state, sufficient mental resource state, high time pressure state, and low time pressure state. We then propose cognitive state aware SA design guidelines that can help designers to effectively convey situation information to drivers. As a case study, we demonstrated the usefulness of our cognitive state aware SA design guidelines by conducting controlled experiments where an existing SA interface is compared with a new SA interface designed following the key guidelines. We used the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Decision-Making Questionnaire (DMQ) to measure the SA and decision-making style scores, respectively. Our results show that the new guidelines allowed participants to achieve significantly higher SA and exhibit better decision making performance.

scholarly journals Psychophysiology and high-performance cognition - a brief review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
High Level

The psychophysiological method can be used to detect some simple cognitive states such as arousal, attentiveness, or mental workload. This approach can be especially interesting when cognition has some productive purpose, as in knowledge work, and tends to be related to human-computer interaction (HCI). However more interesting for applied purposes are acts of coordinated high-level cognition. High- level (or higher-order) cognition (HLC) is typically associated with decision making, problem solving, and executive control of cognition and action. Further, an intuitive approach for assessing whether someone is engaged in HLC is to measure their performance of a known task. Given this, it is reasonable to define high-performance cognition (HPC) as HLC under some performance restriction, such as real-time pressure or expert skill level. Such states are also interesting for HCI in work, and their detection represents an ambitious aim for using the psychophysiological method. We report a brief review of the literature on the topic.

scholarly journals Exogenous cognition and cognitive state theory: The plexus of consumer analytics and decision-making

2020 ◽  
pp. 147059312096494
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith ◽  
John Harvey ◽  
James Goulding ◽  
Gavin Smith ◽  
Leigh Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pervasive Computing ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Smart Technology ◽  
Consumer Decision ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Specific Manifestation ◽  
The Impact

We develop the concept of exogenous cognition (ExC) as a specific manifestation of an external cognitive system. ExC describes the technological and algorithmic extension of (and annexation of) cognition in a consumption context. ExC provides a framework to enhance the understanding of the impact of pervasive computing and smart technology on consumer decision-making and the behavioural impacts of consumer analytics. To this end, the article provides commentary and structures to outline the impact of ExC and to elaborate the definition and reach of ExC. The logic of ExC culminates in a theory of cognitive states comprising of three potential decision states: endogenous cognition, symbiotic cognition and surrogate cognition. These states are posited as transient (consumers might move between them during a purchase episode) and determined by individual propensities and situational antecedents. The article latterly provides various potential empirical avenues and issues for consideration and debate.

Operator Stress and Display Design

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Hancock ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Team Cohesion ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Jigsaw Puzzle ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Situational Stress ◽  
And Task

These design guidelines, based on knowledge of how operators perform under time and task pressure, can lead to better decision making in emergencies. IT IS NEAR THE END OF A LONG SHIFT, some hours past midnight, and the combined effects of caffeine, nicotine, and sugared snacks are no longer sufficient to sustain the alertness of tired and weary operators. Circadian rhythms are at their lowest ebb while oppressive, routine operations have so long persisted that chronic boredom reigns supreme. Suddenly a warning sounds, then another, then another — the systems displays are producing a cascade of flashing lights and tone alarms. Operators rush to workstations, where information begins to overflow like a virtual Niagara of bytes. The apprehension in the air is tangible. It is evident to everyone that a coherent response must be made soon if the situation is to be recovered. As a result, time pressure is now added to anxiety and information overload and rapidly shifts the situation from boredom to terror (Hancock, 1997a). The answers to the problem are somewhere in the system, but a massive noise-to-signal problem is building by the minute. Unfortunately, the resolution is spread across a tapestry of displays. Like pieces of a dynamic jigsaw puzzle, the solution resides in separate parts distributed across many minds, but team communication and team cohesion are rapidly failing, overwhelmed by the demands of information overload and the destructive effects of situational stress. If someone doesn't do something soon…

Dispatch Decision Making in an Air Medical Transport System

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-263
Author(s):  
Wayne C.W. Giang ◽  
Lavinia Hui ◽  
Birsen Donmez ◽  
Mahvareh Ahghari ◽  
Russell D. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Patient Transfers ◽  
Land Vehicles ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Medical Transport

Air medical transport relies on effective dispatching of air and land vehicles to provide the fastest and best care possible for patient transfers. These difficult dispatch decisions are characterized by high time pressure, uncertainty, and the dynamic and complex environment of medical transportation. This paper describes a preliminary study of the decision making processes that occur during dispatch decisions at Ornge, the air medical transportation system in Ontario, Canada. We drew upon the Critical Decision Method and the structured data analysis approach to understand the major decision points faced by Ornge’s dispatchers, and the cues and sources of information attended to in those situations. We found that the decision points deal with three main goals: maintain situation awareness, match resource to transfer, and plan logistics of transfer. Furthermore, we found that time estimation might play an important role in helping dispatchers coordinate within the dispatch team and with their external partners. These findings may help improve the design of computer aided dispatch software to better support the goals of the dispatchers.

scholarly journals Moral Decision Making in Human-Agent Teams: Human Control and the Role of Explanations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper van der Waa ◽  
Sabine Verdult ◽  
Karel van den Bosch ◽  
Jurriaan van Diggelen ◽  
Tjalling Haije ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Team Design

With the progress of Artificial Intelligence, intelligent agents are increasingly being deployed in tasks for which ethical guidelines and moral values apply. As artificial agents do not have a legal position, humans should be held accountable if actions do not comply, implying humans need to exercise control. This is often labeled as Meaningful Human Control (MHC). In this paper, achieving MHC is addressed as a design problem, defining the collaboration between humans and agents. We propose three possible team designs (Team Design Patterns), varying in the level of autonomy on the agent’s part. The team designs include explanations given by the agent to clarify its reasoning and decision-making. The designs were implemented in a simulation of a medical triage task, to be executed by a domain expert and an artificial agent. The triage task simulates making decisions under time pressure, with too few resources available to comply with all medical guidelines all the time, hence involving moral choices. Domain experts (i.e., health care professionals) participated in the present study. One goal was to assess the ecological relevance of the simulation. Secondly, to explore the control that the human has over the agent to warrant moral compliant behavior in each proposed team design. Thirdly, to evaluate the role of agent explanations on the human’s understanding in the agent’s reasoning. Results showed that the experts overall found the task a believable simulation of what might occur in reality. Domain experts experienced control over the team’s moral compliance when consequences were quickly noticeable. When instead the consequences emerged much later, the experts experienced less control and felt less responsible. Possibly due to the experienced time pressure implemented in the task or over trust in the agent, the experts did not use explanations much during the task; when asked afterwards they however considered these to be useful. It is concluded that a team design should emphasize and support the human to develop a sense of responsibility for the agent’s behavior and for the team’s decisions. The design should include explanations that fit with the assigned team roles as well as the human cognitive state.

scholarly journals Psychophysiology and high-performance cognition - a brief review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
High Level

The psychophysiological method can be used to detect some simple cognitive states such as arousal, attentiveness, or mental workload. This approach can be especially interesting when cognition has some productive purpose, as in knowledge work, and tends to be related to human-computer interaction (HCI). However more interesting for applied purposes are acts of coordinated high-level cognition. High- level (or higher-order) cognition (HLC) is typically associated with decision making, problem solving, and executive control of cognition and action. Further, an intuitive approach for assessing whether someone is engaged in HLC is to measure their performance of a known task. Given this, it is reasonable to define high-performance cognition (HPC) as HLC under some performance restriction, such as real-time pressure or expert skill level. Such states are also interesting for HCI in work, and their detection represents an ambitious aim for using the psychophysiological method. We report a brief review of the literature on the topic.

Deciding the Adequacy of a Set of Tests for an Specific Assessment Situation. Decision-making Strategies

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
R. Esteve ◽  
A. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Information Load ◽  
Variable Pattern ◽  
Mode Effects ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Information Board ◽  
Decision Importance

The aim of the present paper was to test the effects of response mode (choice vs. judgment) on decision-making strategies when subjects were faced with the task of deciding the adequacy of a set of tests for a specific assessment situation. Compared with choice, judgment was predicted to lead to more information sought, more time spent on the task, a less variable pattern of search, and a greater amount of interdimensional search. Three variables hypothesized as potential moderators of the response mode effects are also studied: time pressure, information load and decision importance. Using an information board, 300 subjects made decisions (choices and judgments) on tests for a concrete assessment situation, under high or low time pressure, high or low information load, and high or low decision importance. Response mode produced strong effects on all measures of decision behavior except for pattern of search. Moderator effects occurred for time pressure and information load.

Economic decision making under conditions of extreme time pressure and option overload: an eye-tracking study

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Reutskaja ◽  
Johannes Pulst-Korenberg ◽  
Rosemarie Nagel ◽  
Colin F. Camerer ◽  
Antonio Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making

Models of decision support in socio-cyber-physical systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Smirnov ◽  
T. V. Levashova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Decision Support Models ◽  
Common Goals

Introduction: Socio-cyber-physical systems are complex non-linear systems. Such systems display emergent properties. Involvement of humans, as a part of these systems, in the decision-making process contributes to overcoming the consequences of the emergent system behavior, since people can use their experience and intuition, not just the programmed rules and procedures.Purpose: Development of models for decision support in socio-cyber-physical systems.Results: A scheme of decision making in socio-cyber-physical systems, a conceptual framework of decision support in these systems, and stepwise decision support models have been developed. The decision-making scheme is that cybernetic components make their decisions first, and if they cannot do this, they ask humans for help. The stepwise models support the decisions made by components of socio-cyber-physical systems at the conventional stages of the decision-making process: situation awareness, problem identification, development of alternatives, choice of a preferred alternative, and decision implementation. The application of the developed models is illustrated through a scenario for planning the execution of a common task for robots.Practical relevance: The developed models enable you to design plans on solving tasks common for system components or on achievement of common goals, and to implement these plans. The models contribute to overcoming the consequences of the emergent behavior of socio-cyber-physical systems, and to the research on machine learning and mobile robot control.

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