scholarly journals Gender Policy Feedback: Perceptions of Sex Equity, Title IX, and Political Mobilization among College Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Druckman ◽  
Jacob E. Rothschild ◽  
Elizabeth A. Sharrow
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Political Action ◽  
College Athletics ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Democratic Responsiveness ◽  
Sex Equity

Public policies invariably confer or deny benefits to particular citizens. How citizens respond to relevant policies has fundamental implications for democratic responsiveness. We study the beliefs of a core constituency of one of the most celebrated sex non-discrimination policies in U.S. history: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Using a novel survey of college student-athletes, we find strong support for the spirit of the policy, with the vast majority of respondents reporting the opinion that there “should” be equity. Concurrently, student-athletes also perceive mal-distribution among status quo resources and opportunities and believe that redistribution is needed. Furthermore, they are willing to take political action to improve equality. Consistent with our expectations, these beliefs are particularly salient for women and those who perceive persistent sex discrimination in society. Our results reveal “positive policy feedback” among policy beneficiaries of Title IX who mobilize to seek equity in athletics. The dissatisfaction among policy beneficiaries raises questions about democratic responsiveness (e.g., to whom are policymakers and leaders in college athletics responding?) and highlights the political nature of college athletics.

Title IX and U.S. College Sports

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Buzuvis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
College Athletics ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
College Sports ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Institutional Response ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter will address several aspects of gender inequality in college athletics, including inequitable allocation of resources and opportunities, inadequate institutional response to allegations of sexual violence against college athletes, and employment discrimination against female coaches and administrators. These challenges exist notwithstanding federal law, Title IX, which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Reasons for the recalcitrance of gender inequality in college sports include limitations of the law to adequately motivate compliance, as well as the patriarchy’s reliance on sport as a means of constructing and sustaining the relationship between masculinity and power. For these reasons, it is important to consider both legal and extra-legal solutions to the problem of gender inequality in sport that involve lawmakers and individual and associated educational institutions, as well as the general public.

Who is (Not) Protected by Title IX? A Critical Review of 45 Years of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Meyer ◽  
Mary Quantz
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Queer Of Color Critique ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Queer Of Color ◽  
Transgender Students ◽  
K 12

Background/Context This is the first published systematic literature review with an exclusive focus on Title IX scholarship. This article aims to offer a holistic view of the existing knowledge base in this field presented in peer-reviewed scholarly publications. Purpose This review of the literature identifies key trends in this body of research and highlights strengths, as well as gaps and oversights, that future research should address. Research Design This descriptive literature review systematically collected 169 peer-reviewed articles to identify the conceptual boundaries of the field and the current gaps. Data Collection and Analysis Authors applied Booth, Sutton, and Papaioannou's SALSA approach (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis, and Analysis) to this systematic review to identify and analyze the 169 articles included in the study. We applied an intersectional feminist lens and Queer of Color critique to the analysis of the included articles. Findings/Results Peer-reviewed scholarly publications on Title IX (169) have generally focused on analyses of legal decisions (93) and studies of athletics (75), with little attention to other aspects of the law. Most studies lacked intersectional analyses of how “sex discrimination” has been understood in K–12 and higher education contexts, which leaves experiences of students of color, transgender students, and LGBQ students missing from most of the scholarship in this field. Conclusions/Recommendations This review of the literature is intended to help scholars interested in issues of sex discrimination and gender equity in educational institutions in the United States have a clear overview of scholarship that already exists related to Title IX in order to ask more focused and critical questions about its impacts and implementation. More research is needed to understand the ways in which educational institutions interpret and apply their responsibilities under this law—particularly through the lenses of intersectional feminism and Queer of Color critique. Contemporary issues, including campus sexual assault, and the negative experiences documented about gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students in schools underline the importance of staying current with Title IX, and the current body of literature indicates scant attention to collecting and analyzing data about this law's application in practice and implications for diverse groups of people.

scholarly journals Gender and College Athletics: 25 Years after Title IX

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Fleischman ◽  
Mark E. Byers ◽  
C. Shawn Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
College Athletics

A Communicative Approach to Sport Socialization: The Functions of Memorable Messages in Division-I Student-Athletes’ Socialization

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Cranmer
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
College Athletics ◽  
Division I ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Memorable Messages ◽  
College Career ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function

Previous research has suggested the potential for enduring and influential messages (otherwise known as memorable messages) to serve as mechanisms of athlete socialization but has failed to explore how these messages might help athletes adjust to their teams. This study used open-ended questionnaires to explore how the memorable messages that Division-I student-athletes receive before their college career influence them before and after they join their teams, as well as the associations between message content and function. The results of this study indicate that memorable messages shape student-athletes’ attitudes, expectations, and participative decisions before beginning their college careers and their attitudes, relationships, and performance once they began their careers. However, few associations between message content and functions were observed, and no associations between student-athletes’ sex and sport type with message functions were observed. These results highlight the role of discourse in sport socialization by revealing that specific messages help prepare and acclimate student-athletes for college athletics. However, this study fails to provide insight into why specific functions might occur.

Title IX and Campus Recreation: Guidelines to Increase Gender Equity in Club and Intramural Sport Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151
Author(s):  
Jacqueline McDowell ◽  
Robyn Deterding ◽  
Terrence Elmore ◽  
Edward Morford ◽  
Erin Morris
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Club Sports ◽  
Intramural Sport ◽  
Sport Programs ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletic Programs

Title IX legislation seeks to prevent sex discrimination in club and intramural recreational activities; yet guidance to encourage compliance with the law is limited. Hence the purpose of this investigation was to critically assess the applicability of Title IX athletic guidance and advance gender equity guidelines specific to intramural and club sports. Campus recreation directors from six NIRSA regions were sent an online survey with recommended gender equity guidelines. Eighty-two directors appraised the guidelines in relation to their effectiveness in evaluating gender equity in intramural and club sport programs. This investigation found the majority of the guidance for intercollegiate athletic programs to be relevant to club and intramural sport programs, but differences were found concerning provisions and participation opportunities. Similarities and differences are discussed and twenty guidelines are advanced to provide institutions with ways to provide men and women with nondiscriminatory participation opportunities.

Title IX and Sexual Harassment of Student Athletes: A Look Back and to the Future

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
John T. Wolohan ◽  
Sharon Mathes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Athletic Administrators ◽  
Athletic Coaches ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Locker Room ◽  
The Future

With the increased attention on the issue of sexual harassment in our society, coaches and athletic administrators need to take a more proactive role in eliminating sexual harassment in the locker room. Although in sport, sexual harassment lawsuits have been rare, the number of reported cases of sexual harassment and misconduct among athletic coaches are on the rise. This article examines what constitutes sexual harassment in sport and what behavior of coaches may now be the bases of a lawsuit. The scope of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and its relevance to charges of sexual harassment in educational institutions will also be discussed. Next, the article reviews the evolution of sexual harassment case law as demonstrated by two cases. Finally, guidelines for avoiding sexual harassment will be reviewed.

From Personal Responsibility to Political Mobilization: Using Attribution Frames to Overcome Policy Feedback Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110632
Author(s):  
Mallory E. SoRelle
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Banking Reform ◽  
American Political Economy

Public policies that promote personal responsibility while minimizing government responsibility are a key feature of modern American political economy. They can decrease Americans’ political participation on a given issue, with detrimental consequences for the wellbeing of economically insecure families. Can this pattern be overcome? I argue that attribution frames highlighting government’s role in and responsibility for policies may increase people’s propensity for political action on an issue, but only if the frame can increase the salience of their preexisting beliefs about government intervention. Drawing on the case of consumer financial protection, I administer an experiment to determine the effect of attribution framing on people’s willingness to act in support of a popular banking reform. I find that helping people draw parallels between an issue they feel responsibility for and one they accept government responsibility for can boost political engagement on behalf of the original policy.

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