Title IX and Campus Recreation: Guidelines to Increase Gender Equity in Club and Intramural Sport Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151
Author(s):  
Jacqueline McDowell ◽  
Robyn Deterding ◽  
Terrence Elmore ◽  
Edward Morford ◽  
Erin Morris
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Club Sports ◽  
Intramural Sport ◽  
Sport Programs ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletic Programs

Title IX legislation seeks to prevent sex discrimination in club and intramural recreational activities; yet guidance to encourage compliance with the law is limited. Hence the purpose of this investigation was to critically assess the applicability of Title IX athletic guidance and advance gender equity guidelines specific to intramural and club sports. Campus recreation directors from six NIRSA regions were sent an online survey with recommended gender equity guidelines. Eighty-two directors appraised the guidelines in relation to their effectiveness in evaluating gender equity in intramural and club sport programs. This investigation found the majority of the guidance for intercollegiate athletic programs to be relevant to club and intramural sport programs, but differences were found concerning provisions and participation opportunities. Similarities and differences are discussed and twenty guidelines are advanced to provide institutions with ways to provide men and women with nondiscriminatory participation opportunities.

Club Sport Legal Liability Practices at NIRSA Institutions

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Schneider ◽  
William F. Stier ◽  
Stephen Kampf ◽  
Brady Gaskins ◽  
Scott G. Haines
Keyword(s):  
Legal Liability ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Recreational Sports ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Private Transportation ◽  
Sport Programs ◽  
Club Sport

Current legal practices in collegiate club sport programs were studied. A 23-item questionnaire consisting primarily of close-ended questions was mailed to 563 campus recreation directors representing all six National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) regions. Data obtained showed that mean club sport budgets ranged from $51,657 in Region 4 to $135,657 in Region 6, with an overall mean of $69,138 across all regions. Signing a waiver before participating was required by 91% of the directors. Lack of consistency in waiver language and font size was reported. Only 9% of campus recreation directors always require that an institutional employee travel with a club sport team. The most frequent modes of approved travel for club sport participants were students driving personal cars (94%), renting vans from outside vendors (95%), and the use of private transportation such as a chartered bus (70%). Paid coaches were used by 15% of the directors.

Travelers on the Title IX Compliance Highway: How Are Ohio’s Colleges and Universities Faring?

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen J. Staurowsky ◽  
Heather Lawrence ◽  
Amanda Paule ◽  
James Reese ◽  
Kristy Falcon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletics ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Junior Colleges ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
The State ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Athletic Programs ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Learning ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletic Programs

As a measure of progress, the experiences today of women athletes in the state of Ohio are far different from those attending institutions of higher learning just after the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. But how different, and how much progress has been made? The purpose of this study was to assess the level of progress made by compiling and analyzing data available through the Equity in Athletics Disclosure reports filed by 61 junior colleges, four year colleges, and universities in the State of Ohio over a four year span of time for the academic years 2002-2006.2 The template for this study was the report completed by the Women’s Law Project examining gender equity in intercollegiate athletics in colleges and universities in Pennsylvania (Cohen, 2005), the first study of its kind. Similar to that effort, this study assesses the success with which intercollegiate athletic programs in Ohio have collectively responded to the mandates of Title IX in areas of participation opportunities and financial allocations in the form of operating budgets, scholarship assistance, recruiting and coaching.3

scholarly journals Title IX coordinators as street-level bureaucrats in U.S. schools: Challenges addressing sex discrimination in the #MeToo era

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Meyer ◽  
Andrea Somoza-Norton ◽  
Natalie Lovgren ◽  
Andrea Rubin ◽  
Mary Quantz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Street Level Bureaucrats ◽  
K 12

Sex discrimination in educational contexts is an ongoing problem despite the passage of Title IX in 1972. Many schools have not aligned their policies with new laws protecting students from bullying and harassment, and many professionals are unaware of their new obligations in regards to new state regulations. This article presents the findings from semi-structured interviews with 10 participants reporting on the roles and responsibilities of Title IX coordinators in their K-12 school districts. Title IX coordinators were difficult to locate and recruitment was a challenge in this study. However, our findings indicate a strong alignment with Lipsky’s concept of “street-level bureaucrats” (1971, 2010). We found that these school administrators had autonomy and discretion in interpreting and enacting their duties, however they lacked time, information, and other resources necessary to respond properly to the stated duties in their position. They reported spending very little time on Title IX-related duties, many felt under-supported and under-prepared, and few had comprehensive understanding of their responsibilities. We conclude with recommendations for policy and practice regarding the training and supports of Title IX coordinators and related gender equity efforts in K-12 schools.

A Survey of Campus Recreation Directors at NIRSA Institutions: Activities Emphasized, Student Participation Patterns, Trends and Future Offerings Contemplated

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Stier ◽  
Robert C. Schneider ◽  
Steve Kampf ◽  
Scott Haines ◽  
Gregory E. Wilding
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Club Sports ◽  
Programming Plans

A survey, using an instrument constructed expressly for this investigation, was conducted of directors of campus recreation at all 682 NIRSA colleges and universities in the United States and Canada to determine the current status of: (a) the degree of emphasis institutions currently place on nine categories of sports and recreational activities, (b) the percentage of students, undergraduate and graduate, actually participating in each of these nine categories of activities, (c) future recreational activities and programs, not currently offered to students, but being considered for inclusion within the next 12 months, and (d) future trends in terms of problems (challenges and opportunities) facing college campus recreation departments. Two hundred and sixty-nine schools returned usable surveys for a 39% rate of return. This investigation provides a snapshot of specific current practices and programming offerings of campus Recreation Directors, as well as their opinions in terms of future programming plans and anticipated trends affecting their campus recreation departments. The data were analyzed in light of the locations of the responding institutions within the six regions of NIRSA, the size of the institutions and whether the schools were classified as public or private. The nine categories of recreational activities included: (a) intramurals, (b) club sports, (c) open recreation, (d) outdoor recreation, (e) group exercise/aerobics, (f) aquatics, (g) instructional programming, (h) special events, and (i) youth and family activities.

Current Hiring Practices of Campus Recreation Directors of NIRSA Institutions

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Stier ◽  
Robert C. Schneider ◽  
Stephen Kampf ◽  
Gregory Wilding ◽  
Scott Haines
Keyword(s):  
Hiring Practices ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Graduate Assistants ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Professional Employees

A survey of all National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) campus recreation directors was conducted to determine the hiring practices, policies, and procedures relating to professional employees, graduate assistants, and student employees in campus recreation programs throughout North America. The survey instrument, in its final form, addressed hiring practices, policies, and procedures of campus recreation directors through 28 questions relating to the following areas: (a) search and screen committees, (b) job descriptions, (c) advertisement and announcement of vacancies, (d) applications, (e) references, (f) interviews, and (g) impact/involvement of national professional organizations in the hiring process. Selected data is presented in terms of (a) entry level position (coordinator) or for mid-level positions, (b) size of institutions (small, medium, and large), (c) rural, urban, and suburban locations, and (d) public and private institutions.

Who is (Not) Protected by Title IX? A Critical Review of 45 Years of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Meyer ◽  
Mary Quantz
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Queer Of Color Critique ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Queer Of Color ◽  
Transgender Students ◽  
K 12

Background/Context This is the first published systematic literature review with an exclusive focus on Title IX scholarship. This article aims to offer a holistic view of the existing knowledge base in this field presented in peer-reviewed scholarly publications. Purpose This review of the literature identifies key trends in this body of research and highlights strengths, as well as gaps and oversights, that future research should address. Research Design This descriptive literature review systematically collected 169 peer-reviewed articles to identify the conceptual boundaries of the field and the current gaps. Data Collection and Analysis Authors applied Booth, Sutton, and Papaioannou's SALSA approach (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis, and Analysis) to this systematic review to identify and analyze the 169 articles included in the study. We applied an intersectional feminist lens and Queer of Color critique to the analysis of the included articles. Findings/Results Peer-reviewed scholarly publications on Title IX (169) have generally focused on analyses of legal decisions (93) and studies of athletics (75), with little attention to other aspects of the law. Most studies lacked intersectional analyses of how “sex discrimination” has been understood in K–12 and higher education contexts, which leaves experiences of students of color, transgender students, and LGBQ students missing from most of the scholarship in this field. Conclusions/Recommendations This review of the literature is intended to help scholars interested in issues of sex discrimination and gender equity in educational institutions in the United States have a clear overview of scholarship that already exists related to Title IX in order to ask more focused and critical questions about its impacts and implementation. More research is needed to understand the ways in which educational institutions interpret and apply their responsibilities under this law—particularly through the lenses of intersectional feminism and Queer of Color critique. Contemporary issues, including campus sexual assault, and the negative experiences documented about gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students in schools underline the importance of staying current with Title IX, and the current body of literature indicates scant attention to collecting and analyzing data about this law's application in practice and implications for diverse groups of people.

Factors Influencing the Willingness to Mentor Students within Campus Recreation

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenna G. Bower ◽  
Mary A. Hums ◽  
John L. Keedy
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Recreation Directors ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Recreation Professionals ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was to discover factors influencing a person's decision to mentor students within campus recreation. The present study investigated four areas of inquiry within campus recreation: (a) What are the individual reasons for mentoring students? (b) What organizational factors inhibit or facilitate mentoring students? (c) What protégé characteristics attracted mentors?, and (d) What outcomes are associated with mentoring students? The phenomenological study relied on in-depth interviews of five campus recreation professionals. This research study utilized three in-depth phenomenological interviews with each participant as the primary means of collecting data. The researcher used the constant comparative method of analysis throughout the study. Analysis of the data produced personal life history portraits of each participant and provided themes and categories for each research question. Study findings provided valuable information for campus recreation directors wishing to successfully mentor students entering the campus recreation profession.

Can Students Direct Intramural Sport Programs?

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lou Fabian ◽  
Dave Sims
Keyword(s):  
Intramural Sport ◽  
Sport Programs

Collegiate Recreation Participation and Retention

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Kampf ◽  
Eric J. Teske
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rates ◽  
First Year ◽  
Campus Recreation ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Club Sports ◽  
First Year Retention ◽  
Recreation Participation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Collegiate Recreation

Colleges and universities have been focusing on the rising costs to attend college and their impact on current and future students. Recruitment and retention of students is critical in justifying programmatic and academic offerings. In addition, recruitment and retention have an impact on the institution's bottom line. This article attempts to prove a correlation between a collegiate recreation program and retention. Specifically, first year retention rates were examined on students who participate in club sports, use the student recreation center, and are employed by the campus recreation department. The results of this study can be useful to the collegiate recreation practitioner to answer the question of “does your program have an impact on retention?” It is the hope that this study is duplicated to further emphasize the relationship of collegiate recreation programs and their positive relationship on retention.

scholarly journals Gender Policy Feedback: Perceptions of Sex Equity, Title IX, and Political Mobilization among College Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Druckman ◽  
Jacob E. Rothschild ◽  
Elizabeth A. Sharrow
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Political Action ◽  
College Athletics ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Democratic Responsiveness ◽  
Sex Equity

Public policies invariably confer or deny benefits to particular citizens. How citizens respond to relevant policies has fundamental implications for democratic responsiveness. We study the beliefs of a core constituency of one of the most celebrated sex non-discrimination policies in U.S. history: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Using a novel survey of college student-athletes, we find strong support for the spirit of the policy, with the vast majority of respondents reporting the opinion that there “should” be equity. Concurrently, student-athletes also perceive mal-distribution among status quo resources and opportunities and believe that redistribution is needed. Furthermore, they are willing to take political action to improve equality. Consistent with our expectations, these beliefs are particularly salient for women and those who perceive persistent sex discrimination in society. Our results reveal “positive policy feedback” among policy beneficiaries of Title IX who mobilize to seek equity in athletics. The dissatisfaction among policy beneficiaries raises questions about democratic responsiveness (e.g., to whom are policymakers and leaders in college athletics responding?) and highlights the political nature of college athletics.

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