The Effects of Task Characteristics on the Organisation of the Team

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hallam ◽  
Robert B Stammers
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Machine System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Control

In the multiman-machine system, the organisation of the team appears to depend to a great extent on the characteristics of the tasks to be performed. After a discussion of the factors contributing to team performance, and the demands imposed by tasks, the results of a series of experiments are described in which certain task characteristics (complexity and organisation) of simulated command-and-control tasks are varied to investigate the performance of two-man teams working in either a vertical (serial) or a horizontal (parallel) team organisation. Evidence from this experimental work suggests that both types of team organisation may have their advantages and disadvantages in relation to different task characteristics.

Development of a team performance task battery to evaluate performance of the command and control vehicle (C2V) crew

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. McGlynn ◽  
Janet L. Sutton ◽  
Vicki L. Sprague ◽  
Robert M. Demski ◽  
Linda G. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
And Control

The Impact of Information Integration in a Simulation of Future Submarine Command and Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110458
Author(s):  
Steph Michailovs ◽  
Stephen Pond ◽  
Megan Schmitt ◽  
Jessica Irons ◽  
Matthew Stoker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Human Centered Design ◽  
Control Rooms ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operator Workload

Objective Examine the extent to which increasing information integration across displays in a simulated submarine command and control room can reduce operator workload, improve operator situation awareness, and improve team performance. Background In control rooms, the volume and number of sources of information are increasing, with the potential to overwhelm operator cognitive capacity. It is proposed that by distributing information to maximize relevance to each operator role (increasing information integration), it is possible to not only reduce operator workload but also improve situation awareness and team performance. Method Sixteen teams of six novice participants were trained to work together to combine data from multiple sensor displays to build a tactical picture of surrounding contacts at sea. The extent that data from one display were available to operators at other displays was manipulated (information integration) between teams. Team performance was assessed as the accuracy of the generated tactical picture. Results Teams built a more accurate tactical picture, and individual team members had better situation awareness and lower workload, when provided with high compared with low information integration. Conclusion A human-centered design approach to integrating information in command and control settings can result in lower workload, and enhanced situation awareness and team performance. Application The design of modern command and control rooms, in which operators must fuse increasing volumes of complex data from displays, may benefit from higher information integration based on a human-centered design philosophy, and a fundamental understanding of the cognitive work that is carried out by operators.

Span of Command and Control in US Army Organizations

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 734-738
Author(s):  
Richard E. Christ
Keyword(s):  
Command And Control ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Organizational Hierarchy ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
General Officers ◽  
Structure Complexity ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

An important aspect of designing any organization is the concept of span of command and control (SOCC). No where is this situation clearer than in military organizations. This paper describes research designed to examine the relationship between factors that have been identified as affecting the effectiveness of SOCC and the difficulty of command and control in Army organizations. The project team interviewed 11 Army General officers regarding issues involving SOCC during operations that occurred in unconventional environments and 44 officers from Captain to Lieutenant General regarding war fighting operations. The interviews were structured around seven factors: Task Characteristics, Organizational Structure, Complexity of the Environment, History or Unit Contiguity, Technological Innovation, Individual Differences, and External Organizations. The data collected consisted of the comments made during the interviews, the results of a content analysis of those comments, and, for war fighting operations only, ratings on the impact of each factor on the difficulty of command and control. Both sets of data were examined as a function of the respondent's position in the organizational hierarchy and the type of unit to which the respondent was assigned. The results show an interacting effect of SOCC factor, echelon, and type of unit on the difficulty of command and control. A report, in preparation, will summaries these results and present conclusions and recommendations for organizing Army units based on the results.

Command and control team performance in distributed mission training exercises

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. Schiflett ◽  
Linda R. Elliott ◽  
Mathieu Dalrymple ◽  
Philip A. Tessier ◽  
Rebecca Cardenas
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Control Team ◽  
Mission Training ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
And Control

Command and Control Teams: Techniques for Assessing Team Performance

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merri-Ann Cooper ◽  
Samuel Shiflett ◽  
Arthur L. Korotkin ◽  
Edwin A. Fleishman
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
And Control

Designing for the Task: Sometimes 2-D is Just Plane Better

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-407-3-410
Author(s):  
Mark John ◽  
Harvey S. Smallman ◽  
Michael B. Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Command And Control ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Mixed Blessing ◽  
And Control

There is a great military command and control need for better depiction of 3-D environments. Standard 2-D depictions can lead to inattention to altitude, especially for relative novices, and are generally inadequate. In a series of experiments we found that tasks requiring understanding the shapes of objects or terrain layout are much better performed using 3-D views, however tasks requiring precise judgments about the relative positions of objects or terrain locations were much better performed using 2-D views. We propose an interface concept called “Orient and Operate” for designing command and control displays. Users orient to the layout of a scene using a 3-D view, but then switch to 2-D views to interact or operate on it. In related work, we have found that 3-D icons are a mixed blessing: they are poor for identification, yet they code other attributes clearly (e.g. attitude), but this benefit is unrelated to 3-D depiction, per se.

Assessing Performance of Awacs Command and Control Teams

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
Linda R. Elliott ◽  
Mathieu A. Dalrymple ◽  
Kelly Neville
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Information Time ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Performance constructs are discussed within the context of complex and dynamic command and control (C2) team performance. Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) team members function in an information-rich environment, exchanging updates through an array of visual displays and communication channels. In combat, they face challenges of limited resources, ambiguous information, time pressure, and enemy interference. Subsequently, accurate assessment of communication, coordination, and decision making in AWACS teams can be difficult and time-consuming. Theoretical predictions arising from laboratory tasks must ultimately face the test of external validity using criterion measures of performance. This paper describes some of the challenges in developing criterion measures of performance and situation assessment within a dynamic and complex task requiring high expertise and teamwork. Results from two studies are briefly described.

Man/Terminal Interaction Evaluation of Computer Operating System Command and Control Service Concepts

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 388-392
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Dodson ◽  
Nicholas L. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Computer Operating System ◽  
Operational Errors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Service

The Experiment Computer Operating System (ECOS) of the Spacelab will allow the onboard Payload Specialist to command experiment devices and display information relative to the performance of experiments. Three candidate ECOS command and control service concepts were reviewed and laboratory data on operator performance was taken for each concept. The command and control service concepts evaluated included a dedicated operator's menu display from which all command inputs were issued, a dedicated command key concept with which command inputs could be issued from any display, and a multi-display concept in which command inputs were issued from several dedicated function displays. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed in terms of training, operational errors, task performance time, and subjective comments of system operators.

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