scholarly journals Quantifying Behavioral Sensation Seeking With the Aroma Choice Task

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-886
Author(s):  
Brandon G. Oberlin ◽  
Nolan E. Ramer ◽  
Sage M. Bates ◽  
Yitong I. Shen ◽  
Jeremy S. Myslinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

Our goal was to develop a behavioral measure of sensation seeking (SS). The Aroma Choice Task (ACT) assesses preference for an intense, novel, varied, and risky (exciting) option versus a mild, safe (boring) option using real-time odorant delivery. A total of 147 healthy young adults completed 40 binary choice trials. We examined (1) intensity and pleasantness of odorants, (2) stability of responding, (3) association with SS self-report, and (4) association with self-reported illicit drug use. Participants’ preference for the “exciting” option versus the safe option was significantly associated with self-reported SS ( p < .001) and illicit drug use ( p = .041). Odorant ratings comported with their intended intensity. The ACT showed good internal, convergent, and criterion validity. We propose that the ACT might permit more objective SS assessment for investigating the biological bases of psychiatric conditions marked by high SS, particularly addiction. The ACT measures SS behaviorally, mitigating some self-report challenges and enabling real-time assessment, for example, for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

scholarly journals Use of illicit drugs by adolescents and young adults of an urban settlement in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽  
Márcia Maria de Souza ◽  
Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano ◽  
Sheila Araujo Teles ◽  
Marcos André de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Factors Associated

Summary Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with illicit drug use by adolescents and young adults of a formal urban settlement. Method: Cross-sectional study including adolescents and young adults 12-24 years of an urban settlement in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Stata, version 12.0. We used Poisson regression model to estimate the factors associated with illicit drug use. Results: Of the total participants (n=105), 27.6% (95CI 20.0-36.9%) had used illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, crack, LSD and inhalants. The consumption of these substances was associated with male gender, use of body piercing and/or tattoos, licit drug use and self-report of signs and/or symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: High prevalence of illicit drug use was found in the individuals investigated, ratifying the presence of risk factors to the vulnerability of the settlers to use these substances in the urban settlement population.

scholarly journals Prevalence of alcohol abuse and associated factors in a population-based study

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros ◽  
Neury José Botega ◽  
Paulo Dalgalarrondo ◽  
Letícia Marín-León ◽  
Helenice Bosco de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Odds Ratios

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence and identify associated factors among demographic, family, socioeconomic and mental health variables. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in the urban area of Campinas, southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A total of 515 subjects, aged 14 years or more were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sample. The Self-Report Questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were used in the interview. Prevalences were calculated, and univariate and multivariate logistic analyses performed by estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 13.1% (95% CI: 8.4;19.9) in men and 4.1% (95% CI: 1.9;8.6) in women. In the final multiple logistic regression model, alcohol abuse/dependence was significantly associated with age, income, schooling, religion and illicit drug use. The adjusted odds ratios were significantly higher in following variables: income between 2,501 and 10,000 dollars (OR=10.29); income above 10,000 dollars (OR=10.20); less than 12 years of schooling (OR=13.42); no religion (OR=9.16) or religion other than Evangelical (OR=4.77); and illicit drug use during lifetime (OR=4.47). Alcohol abuse and dependence patterns were different according to age group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significantly high prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence in this population. The knowledge of factors associated with alcohol abuse, and differences in consumption patterns should be taken into account in the development of harm reduction strategies.

Repertoires of distinction

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Measham ◽  
Karenza Moore
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dance Music ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Electronic Dance Music ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

Presented here are the first findings of self report surveys of prevalence of illicit drug use by customers in the night time economy of a large English city. Five random sample surveys conducted with dance club customers and three similar surveys with bar customers identified an association between illicit drug use, entertainment type and venue type. First, club customers were significantly more likely to report lifetime, past month and fieldwork night drug use than bar customers. Second, distinct and prolific polydrug repertoires were associated with the genres of electronic dance music favoured within different clubs, along with evidence of the growing popularity of emergent drugs such as MDMA powder. Such polydrug repertoires support the notion of culturally, spatially and pharmacologically distinct local leisure scenes operating within the contemporary night time economy; rather than the same broad mass of customers choosing different leisure experiences on different occasions, or the more fluid, ‘neo-tribal’ cultural groupings suggested by some. The article concludes by suggesting that prolific and enduring weekend polydrug repertoires within local leisure scenes increasingly polarize such scenes from drug use in the general population, with implications for policing and governance, alongside the need for a more nuanced understanding of the night time economy as an analytical concept in social research.

scholarly journals Comparison between self-report and hair analysis of illicit drug use in a community sample of middle-aged men

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ledgerwood ◽  
Bruce A. Goldberger ◽  
Nathan K. Risk ◽  
Collins E. Lewis ◽  
Rumi Kato Price
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Middle Aged

scholarly journals An Early Warning Monitoring System for Illicit Drug Use at Large Public Events: ‘Close to Real Time’ Trace Residue Analysis of Discarded Drug Packaging Samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry West ◽  
JOHN FITZGERALD ◽  
Katherine Hopkins ◽  
Eric Li ◽  
Nicolas Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Public Events ◽  
Drug Packaging ◽  
Trace Residue ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Inspired by the exchange principle espoused by Edmond Locard (1877-1966), which states “every contact leaves a trace”, we report here the development and application of a strategy for trace residue sampling and analysis of discarded ‘Drug Packaging Samples’ (DPS), as part of an early warning monitoring system for illicit drug use at large public events. Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) - mass spectrometry (MS) and -tandem mass<br>spectrometry (MS/MS), rapid and high-throughput identification and characterisation of a wide range of illicit drugs and adulterant substances was achieved, including those present in complex poly-drug mixtures and at low relative abundances, and with analysis times of less than one minute per sample. 1362 DPS were analysed either ‘off-site’ using laboratory-based instrumentation or in ‘on-site’ in ‘close to real time’ using a transportable mass spectrometer housed within a customised mobile analytical laboratory. 92.2% of DPS yielded positive results for at least one of 15 different pharmacologically active drugs and/or adulterants, including cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine, as well as numerous ‘novel psychoactive substances’ (NPS). Notably, polydrug mixtures were more common than single drugs, with 52.6% of positive DPS found to contain more than one substance, and with 42 different drug and polydrug combinations observed throughout the study. For analyses performed ‘on-site’, reports to key stakeholders including event organisers, first aid and medical personnel, and peer-based harm reduction workers could be provided in as little as 5 minutes after sample collection. Then, following risk assessment of the potential harms associated with their use, drug advisories or alerts were then disseminated to event staff and patrons, and subsequently to the general public, when substances with particularly toxic properties were identified.<br>

scholarly journals An Early Warning Monitoring System for Illicit Drug Use at Large Public Events: ‘Close to Real Time’ Trace Residue Analysis of Discarded Drug Packaging Samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry West ◽  
JOHN FITZGERALD ◽  
Katherine Hopkins ◽  
Eric Li ◽  
Nicolas Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Public Events ◽  
Drug Packaging ◽  
Trace Residue ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Inspired by the exchange principle espoused by Edmond Locard (1877-1966), which states “every contact leaves a trace”, we report here the development and application of a strategy for trace residue sampling and analysis of discarded ‘Drug Packaging Samples’ (DPS), as part of an early warning monitoring system for illicit drug use at large public events. Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) - mass spectrometry (MS) and -tandem mass<br>spectrometry (MS/MS), rapid and high-throughput identification and characterisation of a wide range of illicit drugs and adulterant substances was achieved, including those present in complex poly-drug mixtures and at low relative abundances, and with analysis times of less than one minute per sample. 1362 DPS were analysed either ‘off-site’ using laboratory-based instrumentation or in ‘on-site’ in ‘close to real time’ using a transportable mass spectrometer housed within a customised mobile analytical laboratory. 92.2% of DPS yielded positive results for at least one of 15 different pharmacologically active drugs and/or adulterants, including cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine, as well as numerous ‘novel psychoactive substances’ (NPS). Notably, polydrug mixtures were more common than single drugs, with 52.6% of positive DPS found to contain more than one substance, and with 42 different drug and polydrug combinations observed throughout the study. For analyses performed ‘on-site’, reports to key stakeholders including event organisers, first aid and medical personnel, and peer-based harm reduction workers could be provided in as little as 5 minutes after sample collection. Then, following risk assessment of the potential harms associated with their use, drug advisories or alerts were then disseminated to event staff and patrons, and subsequently to the general public, when substances with particularly toxic properties were identified.<br>

scholarly journals Subtypes of Illicit Drug Users: A Latent Class Analysis of Data From an Australian Twin Sample

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Lynskey ◽  
Arpana Agrawal ◽  
Kathleen K. Bucholz ◽  
Elliot C. Nelson ◽  
Pamela A. F. Madden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Illicit Drug Users

AbstractThis article applies methods of latent class analysis (LCA) to data on lifetime illicit drug use in order to determine whether qualitatively distinct classes of illicit drug users can be identified. Self-report data on lifetime illicit drug use (cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives, inhalants, cocaine, opioids and solvents) collected from a sample of 6265 Australian twins (average age 30 years) were analyzed using LCA. Rates of childhood sexual and physical abuse, lifetime alcohol and tobacco dependence, symptoms of illicit drug abuse/dependence and psychiatric comorbidity were compared across classes using multinomial logistic regression. LCA identified a 5-class model: Class 1 (68.5%) had low risks of the use of all drugs except cannabis; Class 2 (17.8%) had moderate risks of the use of all drugs; Class 3 (6.6%) had high rates of cocaine, other stimulant and hallucinogen use but lower risks for the use of sedatives or opioids. Conversely, Class 4 (3.0%) had relatively low risks of cocaine, other stimulant or hallucinogen use but high rates of sedative and opioid use. Finally, Class 5 (4.2%) had uniformly high probabilities for the use of all drugs. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were highest in the polydrug class although the sedative/opioid class had elevated rates of depression/suicidal behaviors and exposure to childhood abuse. Aggregation of population-level data may obscure important subgroup differences in patterns of illicit drug use and psychiatric comorbidity. Further exploration of a ‘self-medicating’ subgroup is needed.

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