Influencers, Amplifiers, and Icons: A Systematic Approach to Understanding the Roles of Islamophobic Actors on Twitter

2021 ◽  
pp. 107769902110315
Author(s):  
Lawrence Pintak ◽  
Brian J. Bowe ◽  
Jonathan Albright
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Midterm Elections ◽  
Vast Network

In the 2018 U.S. midterm elections, an unprecedented number of American Muslims ran for public office, including the first two Muslim women elected to Congress. This study analyzes the anti-Muslim/anti-immigrant Twitter discourse surrounding Ilhan Omar, one of these two successful candidates. The results identify three categories of accounts that linked Omar to clusters of accounts that shaped the Islamophobia/xenophobic narrative: Influencers, Amplifiers, and Icons. This cadre of accounts played a synergistic and disproportionate role in raising the level of hate speech as a vast network containing a high proportion of apparently inauthentic accounts magnified the messages generated by a handful of provocateurs.

The War on Terror and Its Effects on American Muslims

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kimball
Keyword(s):  
War On Terror ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Patriot Act ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Government Surveillance

This chapter presents an overview of both the negative and positive effects on American Muslims since the declaration of the post 9/11 “war on terror.” Negative effects are examined in conjunction with the USA Patriot Act and increased US government surveillance programs aimed at Muslims as well as the distinct manifestations of the growing dread or fear of Islam and Muslims known as “Islamophobia.” Several organizations regularly monitor and provide current information documenting hate speech and hate crimes directed at Muslims, including those involving the Ground Zero Mosque and other controversies. The chapter concludes with numerous constructive responses to the negative images and stereotypes fueled by extremists claiming inspiration from Islam. In addition to structured forms of interfaith dialogue and cooperation, such as “A Common Word,” American Muslims have pursued multiple forms of educational initiatives ranging from presentations in churches and public statements denouncing violence to the publication of books and articles.

Shades of hatred online: 4chan duplicate circulation surge during hybrid media events

First Monday ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Zelenkauskaite ◽  
Pihla Toivanen ◽  
Jukka Huhtamäki ◽  
Katja  Valaskivi
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Media Events ◽  
Midterm Elections ◽  
User Activity ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The U.S

The 4chan /pol/ platform is a controversial online space on which a surge in hate speech has been observed. While recent research indicates that events may lead to more hate speech, empirical evidence on the phenomenon remains limited. This study analyzes 4chan /pol/ user activity during the mass shootings in Christchurch and Pittsburgh and compares the frequency and nature of user activity prior to these events. We find not only a surge in the use of hate speech and anti-Semitism but also increased circulation of duplicate messages, links, and images and an overall increase in messages from users who self-identify as “white supremacist” or “fascist” primarily voiced from English-speaking IP-based locations: the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Great Britain. Finally, we show how these hybrid media events share the arena with other prominent events involving different agendas, such as the U.S. midterm elections. The significant increase in duplicates during the hybrid media events in this study is interpreted beyond their memetic logic. This increase can be interpreted through what we refer to as activism of hate. Our findings indicate that there is either a group of dedicated users who are compelled to support the causes for which shooting took place and/or that users use automated means to achieve duplication.

Mipsterz

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Peterson ◽  
Nabil Echchaibi
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
Gendered Identity ◽  
Viral Video ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Multiple Frames

In a two-and-a-half-minute-long video released on YouTube in November 2013, a series of short clips featured a group of self-confident young Muslim women hanging out in various urban landscapes in the United States, as Jay-Z's song “Somewhere in America” played in the background. The viral video, entitled “Somewhere in America #MIPSTERZ,” quickly became controversial, amid heated accusations that a “misguided” group of hipster Muslim women had gone “too far” in reappropriating modesty and staking out an edgy religious and gendered identity. This chapter focuses on how the women behind the Mipsterz video engaged with visuals, urban styles, fashion, fun, and other forms of popular culture to liberate themselves from a relentless framing that portrays them as either covered and oppressed by Islam or uncovered and sexually liberated by Western secular culture. It argues that popular culture and religion intersect in productive ways, breaking free of the discourse of victimization and exoticism and helping us understand the complex, multiple frames of reference that define American Muslims' everyday lives.

Reading Longer Words: Insights Into Multisyllabic Word Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Heggie ◽  
Lesly Wade-Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Instructional Programs ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
Grade 3

Students with persistent reading difficulties are often especially challenged by multisyllabic words; they tend to have neither a systematic approach for reading these words nor the confidence to persevere (Archer, Gleason, & Vachon, 2003; Carlisle & Katz, 2006; Moats, 1998). This challenge is magnified by the fact that the vast majority of English words are multisyllabic and constitute an increasingly large proportion of the words in elementary school texts beginning as early as grade 3 (Hiebert, Martin, & Menon, 2005; Kerns et al., 2016). Multisyllabic words are more difficult to read simply because they are long, posing challenges for working memory capacity. In addition, syllable boundaries, word stress, vowel pronunciation ambiguities, less predictable grapheme-phoneme correspondences, and morphological complexity all contribute to long words' difficulty. Research suggests that explicit instruction in both syllabification and morphological knowledge improve poor readers' multisyllabic word reading accuracy; several examples of instructional programs involving one or both of these elements are provided.

Coming Together Through Falling Apart

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Heather Churchill ◽  
Jeremy M. Ridenour
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Psychological Assessments ◽  
Transference And Countertransference ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy

Abstract. Assessing change during long-term psychotherapy can be a challenging and uncertain task. Psychological assessments can be a valuable tool and can offer a perspective from outside the therapy dyad, independent of the powerful and distorting influences of transference and countertransference. Subtle structural changes that may not yet have manifested behaviorally can also be assessed. However, it can be difficult to find a balance between a rigorous, systematic approach to data, while also allowing for the richness of the patient’s internal world to emerge. In this article, the authors discuss a primarily qualitative approach to the data and demonstrate the ways in which this kind of approach can deepen the understanding of the more subtle or complex changes a particular patient is undergoing while in treatment, as well as provide more detail about the nature of an individual’s internal world. The authors also outline several developmental frameworks that focus on the ways a patient constructs their reality and can guide the interpretation of qualitative data. The authors then analyze testing data from a patient in long-term psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy in order to demonstrate an approach to data analysis and to show an example of how change can unfold over long-term treatments.

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