scholarly journals Does the suddenness matter? Antidepressant use before and after a spouse dies suddenly or expectedly of stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110425
Author(s):  
Elina Einiö ◽  
Niina Metsä-Simola ◽  
Riina Peltonen ◽  
Pekka Martikainen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Linkage Data ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Spousal Death ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antidepressant Use ◽  
Linear Probability

Aims: Changes in mental health at the time of widowhood may depend on the expectedness of spousal death, but scant evidence is available for spousal deaths attributable to stroke. Methods: Using register-linkage data for Finland, we assessed changes in antidepressant use before and after spousal death for those whose spouses died suddenly of stroke between 1998 and 2003 ( N=1820) and for those whose spouses died expectedly of stroke, with prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease ( N=1636). We used both population-averaged logit models and individual fixed-effects linear probability models. The latter models control for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity between the individuals. Results: Our study indicates that the suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke plays a role in the well-being of the surviving spouse. Increases in antidepressant use appeared larger following widowhood for those whose spouses died suddenly of stroke relative to those whose spouses had a medical history of cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: The suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke plays a role for the surviving spouse. The results suggest multifaceted timings of distress surrounding spousal death, depending on the suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke.

scholarly journals Hidden Casualties: The Links between Armed Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Signe Svallfors
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract The Colombian peace process was internationally celebrated for its unprecedented focus on women's experiences of war, but the everyday violence women that may face in their homes was not acknowledged. This article explores the links between exposure to local armed conflict violence and individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence. I combine pooled nationally representative data on individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence with information about the intensity of conflict during 2004–16. Results of fixed-effects linear probability models show that conflict was generally linked to a slightly elevated risk of women experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by their partner. Among women who had experienced intimate partner violence, conflict was related to an increased probability of being partnered at interview, which could reflect women staying in abusive relationships because conflict normalizes violence or increases women's reluctance to leave those relationships.

Links Between Chronic Illness and Late-Life Cognition: Evidence From Four Latin American Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana P. Socal ◽  
Antonio J. Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: We explored the links between chronic diseases and cognitive ability using datasets of community-dwelling older adults from Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay from the SABE (Health, Well-Being, and Aging) survey. Methods: Ordinary least squares (OLS), Tobit and linear probability models, adjusting for extensive health and socio-demographic factors, were implemented separately for men and women and complemented by a series of robustness checks. Results: We find a negative association between the number of chronic conditions and cognitive decline that has the following characteristics: (a) differs across gender, (b) increases with the number of chronic conditions, (c) is larger among those individuals in the bottom of the cognitive distribution, (d) and is different across types of chronic conditions. Discussion: These results suggest that returns from preventive policies to reduce cognitive decline would increase if they were targeted to seniors with chronic conditions and implemented before the impact from multiple comorbidities makes the cognitive decline too steep to be reversed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changes in Direct Care Staffing Policies and Outcomes for Assisted Living Residents With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
Kali Thomas ◽  
Portia Cornell ◽  
Wenhan Zhang ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Lindsey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We identified a cohort of 410,413 Medicare beneficiaries residing in 10,623 large (25+bed) assisted living (AL) communities between 2007 and 2017. We conducted linear probability models with a difference-in-difference framework to examine the association between hospitalization and changes in regulations pertaining to staff training (model 1) and staffing levels (model 2), adjusting for time trends, resident characteristics, and state-license fixed effects. During this 11-year period, six states changed their staff training requirements and two states introduced/increased direct care staffing levels. A change in regulations related to staffing levels was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0056 percentage points (95%CI=-0.008,-0.003). A change in regulations related to staff training was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0035 percentage points (95%CI=-0.006,-0.002). The policy effects represent clinically important differences of approximately 21% in the mean monthly hospitalization rate. Part of a symposium sponsored by Assisted Living Interest Group.

Bias or Empathy in Universal Screening? The Effect of Teacher–Student Racial Matching on Teacher Perceptions of Student Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 004208591987369
Author(s):  
Ericka S. Weathers
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Teacher Perceptions ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Linear Probability

This study uses linear probability models with student and teacher fixed effects to assess whether the racial match between teachers and students affects “at-risk” ratings on a teacher-completed universal screener of student internalizing and externalizing behavior. The data are from a large, urban California school district. I find that Asian and Black teachers are more likely to rate their same-race students “at-risk” for internalizing behavior compared with how the same Asian and Black students would be rated by White teachers. These findings have implications for policy and practice aimed at enhancing universal screening for externalizing and internalizing behavior.

scholarly journals Time Use, Emotional Well-Being, and Unemployment: Evidence from Longitudinal Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B Krueger ◽  
Andreas I Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
New Evidence

This paper provides new evidence on the time use and emotional well-being of unemployed individuals in the weeks before and after starting a new job. The major findings are: (1) time spent on home production drops sharply at the time of re-employment, even when controlling for individual fixed effects; (2) time spent on leisure-related activities, which the unemployed find less enjoyable, drops on re-employment, but less so when controlling for individual fixed effects; (3) the unemployed report higher levels of sadness during specific episodes of the day than the employed; and (4) sadness decreases abruptly at the time of re-employment.

The (Unequal) Interplay Between Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills in Early Educational Attainment

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422199676
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Gil-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Linear Probability

Cognitive and noncognitive skills are key indicators of educational success and merit. However, even when accounting for inequalities in skill formation by family socioeconomic status (SES), a wide SES-gap in college enrolment remains. According to the compensatory advantage hypothesis, SES-gaps in educational transitions are largest among cognitively weak students, but little is known on mechanisms. It has long been argued that noncognitive traits such as effort and motivation might be at least as important as cognitive skills over the status-attainment process, and these skills might interact by being complements or substitutes. Thus, I test whether advantaged students substitute low cognitive skills in test scores by high returns to conscientiousness—rated by teachers— in the transition to academic secondary schools. I draw data from the German National Educational Panel Study to study a cohort of students from Grades 1 to 5, when early tracking is enforced. I estimate linear probability models with school fixed-effects and moderation. To account for measurement error, I also use composite latent skills across elementary education. I report three main findings: (a) High-SES students at the same level of cognitive and noncognitive skills than low-SES schoolmates are more likely to attend the academic track bridged to college; (b) in line with the compensatory hypothesis, these SES-inequalities are largest among low cognitive performers; (3) cognitively weak students from high-SES families get the highest educational returns to conscientiousness in comparison to high cognitive performers or low-SES peers, validating the skill substitution hypothesis. These findings challenge the liberal conception of merit as the sum of ability plus effort in assessing equal opportunity in education.

Prosocial Behaviors: A Matter of Altruism or Public Service Motivation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn S Piatak ◽  
Stephen B Holt
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract In recent years, public service motivation (PSM) research has grown substantially, but is still largely limited to the field of public administration. To be able to export the theory and measures of PSM to other disciplines, we need more conceptual clarity. Some suggest PSM is analogous to altruism, whereas others warn not to confound the two concepts. Is PSM separate from altruism? How does each motivational construct relate to prosocial behaviors? We use a nationally representative panel of respondents to the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) to measure both altruism and PSM among respondents before the 2016 election and measure respondents’ participation in prosocial behaviors after the 2016 election. Using linear probability models with state fixed effects, we find that although PSM and altruism predict prosocial behaviors separately, altruism has no effect after controlling for PSM. PSM is a more consistent predictor of some prosocial behaviors than altruism, particularly in more formal contexts such as volunteering with an organization.

Exploring the Links Between Student and Classmate Chronic Absenteeism

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gottfried ◽  
J. Jacob Kirksey ◽  
Christopher S. Ozuna
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Spring Semester ◽  
School Factors ◽  
Chronic Absenteeism ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
School Year ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
Time Varying Covariates

Background In efforts to address chronic absenteeism, educational stakeholders have begun to focus on which school factors might link to how and if students miss school. One underexplored area within school is the context of the classroom and, namely, the spillover effects of peers. This study examined whether students were more likely to be chronically absent when they had a chronically absent classmate. Research Questions (1) In elementary school, does having chronically absent classmates in the fall influence individual students’ absences in the spring of that same year? (2) Does this differ by the classroom proportion of chronically absent classmates? Subjects This study used administrative data from an urban school district in California. The district consisted of 13 public elementary schools. From these schools, the analytic sample contained N = 14,891 student observations from 2011 to 2014. Research Design This study examined whether a student was more likely to be chronically absent in the spring semester of the school year if they had a chronically absent classmate in the fall. We employed linear probability models with multiple fixed effects and time-varying covariates. Errors were clustered at the classroom level. Findings We found that students were more likely to be chronically absent in the spring when their classmates were absent in the fall. This finding was consistent across model specifications. Conclusions This finding supports previous research, highlights the value of promoting fall attendance, and aligns with current national, fall-based attendance-boosting policies and programs. When taken together with the idea that absences affect not only the absent child, but also raise the chance of other students being absent, it becomes even more crucial for administrators and policymakers to make informed decisions to address chronic absenteeism.

scholarly journals Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (38) ◽  
pp. 23484-23489
Author(s):  
Maya Rossin-Slater ◽  
Molly Schnell ◽  
Hannes Schwandt ◽  
Sam Trejo ◽  
Lindsey Uniat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
School Shootings ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Mental Health Providers ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Local Exposure ◽  
Antidepressant Use

While over 240,000 American students experienced a school shooting in the last two decades, little is known about the impacts of these events on the mental health of surviving youth. Using large-scale prescription data from 2006 to 2015, we examine the effects of 44 school shootings on youth antidepressant use. Our empirical strategy compares the number of antidepressant prescriptions written by providers practicing 0 to 5 miles from a school that experienced a shooting (treatment areas) to the number of prescriptions written by providers practicing 10 to 15 miles away (reference areas), both before and after the shooting. We include month-by-year and school-by-area fixed effects in all specifications, thereby controlling for overall trends in antidepressant use and all time-invariant differences across locations. We find that local exposure to fatal school shootings increases youth antidepressant use by 21.4% in the following 2 y. These effects are smaller in areas with a higher density of mental health providers who focus on behavioral, rather than pharmacological, interventions.

scholarly journals The Association between Presence of Comorbidities and COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maryam Honardoost ◽  
Laila Janani ◽  
Rokhsareh Aghili ◽  
Zahra Emami ◽  
Mohammad E. Khamseh
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Severe Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> Several studies reported the accompaniment of severe COVID-19 with comorbidities. However, there is not a systematic evaluation of all aspects of this association. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between all underlying comorbidities in COVID-19 infection severity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Electronic literature search was performed via scientific search engines. After the removal of duplicates and selection of articles of interest, 28 studies were included. A fixed-effects model was used; however, if heterogeneity was high (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup> &#x3e; 50%) a random-effects model was applied to combine the data. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 6,270 individuals were assessed (1,615 severe and 4,655 non-severe patients). The median age was 63 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49–74) and 47 (95% CI: 19–63) years in the severe and non-severe groups, respectively. Moreover, about 41% of patients had comorbidities. Severity was higher in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease: OR 4.85 (95% CI: 3.11–7.57). The odds of being in a severe group increase by 4.81 (95% CI: 3.43–6.74) for a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This was 4.19 (95% CI: 2.84–6.19) for chronic lung disease and 3.18, 95% CI: 2.09–4.82 for cancer. The odds ratios of diabetes and hypertension were 2.61 (95% CI: 2.02–3.3) and 2.37 (95% CI: 1.80–3.13), respectively. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The presence of comorbidities is associated with severity of COVID-19 infection. The strongest association was observed for cerebrovascular disease, followed by CVD, chronic lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.

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