Bias or Empathy in Universal Screening? The Effect of Teacher–Student Racial Matching on Teacher Perceptions of Student Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 004208591987369
Author(s):  
Ericka S. Weathers
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Teacher Perceptions ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Linear Probability

This study uses linear probability models with student and teacher fixed effects to assess whether the racial match between teachers and students affects “at-risk” ratings on a teacher-completed universal screener of student internalizing and externalizing behavior. The data are from a large, urban California school district. I find that Asian and Black teachers are more likely to rate their same-race students “at-risk” for internalizing behavior compared with how the same Asian and Black students would be rated by White teachers. These findings have implications for policy and practice aimed at enhancing universal screening for externalizing and internalizing behavior.

scholarly journals Hidden Casualties: The Links between Armed Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Signe Svallfors
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract The Colombian peace process was internationally celebrated for its unprecedented focus on women's experiences of war, but the everyday violence women that may face in their homes was not acknowledged. This article explores the links between exposure to local armed conflict violence and individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence. I combine pooled nationally representative data on individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence with information about the intensity of conflict during 2004–16. Results of fixed-effects linear probability models show that conflict was generally linked to a slightly elevated risk of women experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by their partner. Among women who had experienced intimate partner violence, conflict was related to an increased probability of being partnered at interview, which could reflect women staying in abusive relationships because conflict normalizes violence or increases women's reluctance to leave those relationships.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changes in Direct Care Staffing Policies and Outcomes for Assisted Living Residents With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
Kali Thomas ◽  
Portia Cornell ◽  
Wenhan Zhang ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Lindsey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We identified a cohort of 410,413 Medicare beneficiaries residing in 10,623 large (25+bed) assisted living (AL) communities between 2007 and 2017. We conducted linear probability models with a difference-in-difference framework to examine the association between hospitalization and changes in regulations pertaining to staff training (model 1) and staffing levels (model 2), adjusting for time trends, resident characteristics, and state-license fixed effects. During this 11-year period, six states changed their staff training requirements and two states introduced/increased direct care staffing levels. A change in regulations related to staffing levels was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0056 percentage points (95%CI=-0.008,-0.003). A change in regulations related to staff training was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0035 percentage points (95%CI=-0.006,-0.002). The policy effects represent clinically important differences of approximately 21% in the mean monthly hospitalization rate. Part of a symposium sponsored by Assisted Living Interest Group.

scholarly journals Does the suddenness matter? Antidepressant use before and after a spouse dies suddenly or expectedly of stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110425
Author(s):  
Elina Einiö ◽  
Niina Metsä-Simola ◽  
Riina Peltonen ◽  
Pekka Martikainen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Linkage Data ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Spousal Death ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antidepressant Use ◽  
Linear Probability

Aims: Changes in mental health at the time of widowhood may depend on the expectedness of spousal death, but scant evidence is available for spousal deaths attributable to stroke. Methods: Using register-linkage data for Finland, we assessed changes in antidepressant use before and after spousal death for those whose spouses died suddenly of stroke between 1998 and 2003 ( N=1820) and for those whose spouses died expectedly of stroke, with prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease ( N=1636). We used both population-averaged logit models and individual fixed-effects linear probability models. The latter models control for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity between the individuals. Results: Our study indicates that the suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke plays a role in the well-being of the surviving spouse. Increases in antidepressant use appeared larger following widowhood for those whose spouses died suddenly of stroke relative to those whose spouses had a medical history of cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: The suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke plays a role for the surviving spouse. The results suggest multifaceted timings of distress surrounding spousal death, depending on the suddenness of a spouse’s death from stroke.

Student Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Screeners: Evidence for Reliability, Validity, and Usability in Elementary Schools

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Hartman ◽  
Frank M. Gresham ◽  
Shelby Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Early Identification ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
School Students ◽  
Behavioral Screening ◽  
Technical Adequacy ◽  
Screening Measures

Universal screening for emotional and behavioral risk in schools facilitates early identification and intervention for students as part of multitiered systems of support. Early identification has the potential to mitigate adverse outcomes of emotional and behavioral disorders. The purpose of this study was to extend existing research on the technical adequacy and usability of two universal screening measures, the Student Internalizing Behavior Screener (SIBS) and the Student Externalizing Behavior Screener (SEBS). Findings provided evidence for the reliability, concurrent validity, short-term predictive validity, and usability of the SIBS and SEBS in a sample of 154 elementary school students and their teachers. As a secondary focus, the technical adequacy and usability of the SIBS and SEBS was compared with that of two well-researched universal behavioral screening measures ( Behavioral and Emotional Screening System and Social Skills Improvement System–Performance Screening Guide). Results indicated that the SIBS and SEBS as a combined measure performed similar to the criterion screening measures.

The (Unequal) Interplay Between Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills in Early Educational Attainment

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422199676
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Gil-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Linear Probability

Cognitive and noncognitive skills are key indicators of educational success and merit. However, even when accounting for inequalities in skill formation by family socioeconomic status (SES), a wide SES-gap in college enrolment remains. According to the compensatory advantage hypothesis, SES-gaps in educational transitions are largest among cognitively weak students, but little is known on mechanisms. It has long been argued that noncognitive traits such as effort and motivation might be at least as important as cognitive skills over the status-attainment process, and these skills might interact by being complements or substitutes. Thus, I test whether advantaged students substitute low cognitive skills in test scores by high returns to conscientiousness—rated by teachers— in the transition to academic secondary schools. I draw data from the German National Educational Panel Study to study a cohort of students from Grades 1 to 5, when early tracking is enforced. I estimate linear probability models with school fixed-effects and moderation. To account for measurement error, I also use composite latent skills across elementary education. I report three main findings: (a) High-SES students at the same level of cognitive and noncognitive skills than low-SES schoolmates are more likely to attend the academic track bridged to college; (b) in line with the compensatory hypothesis, these SES-inequalities are largest among low cognitive performers; (3) cognitively weak students from high-SES families get the highest educational returns to conscientiousness in comparison to high cognitive performers or low-SES peers, validating the skill substitution hypothesis. These findings challenge the liberal conception of merit as the sum of ability plus effort in assessing equal opportunity in education.

Prosocial Behaviors: A Matter of Altruism or Public Service Motivation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn S Piatak ◽  
Stephen B Holt
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract In recent years, public service motivation (PSM) research has grown substantially, but is still largely limited to the field of public administration. To be able to export the theory and measures of PSM to other disciplines, we need more conceptual clarity. Some suggest PSM is analogous to altruism, whereas others warn not to confound the two concepts. Is PSM separate from altruism? How does each motivational construct relate to prosocial behaviors? We use a nationally representative panel of respondents to the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) to measure both altruism and PSM among respondents before the 2016 election and measure respondents’ participation in prosocial behaviors after the 2016 election. Using linear probability models with state fixed effects, we find that although PSM and altruism predict prosocial behaviors separately, altruism has no effect after controlling for PSM. PSM is a more consistent predictor of some prosocial behaviors than altruism, particularly in more formal contexts such as volunteering with an organization.

Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chris Curran
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Suspension Rates ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Nationally Representative

Zero tolerance discipline policies have come under criticism as contributors to racial discipline gaps; however, few studies have explicitly examined such policies. This study utilizes data from two nationally representative data sources to examine the effect of state zero tolerance laws on suspension rates and principal perceptions of problem behaviors. Utilizing state and year fixed effects models, this study finds that state zero tolerance laws are predictive of a 0.5 percentage point increase in district suspension rates and no consistent decreases in principals’ perceptions of problem behaviors. Furthermore, the results indicate that the laws are predictive of larger increases in suspension rates for Blacks than Whites, potentially contributing to the Black–White suspension gap. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Exploring the Links Between Student and Classmate Chronic Absenteeism

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gottfried ◽  
J. Jacob Kirksey ◽  
Christopher S. Ozuna
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Spring Semester ◽  
School Factors ◽  
Chronic Absenteeism ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
School Year ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
Time Varying Covariates

Background In efforts to address chronic absenteeism, educational stakeholders have begun to focus on which school factors might link to how and if students miss school. One underexplored area within school is the context of the classroom and, namely, the spillover effects of peers. This study examined whether students were more likely to be chronically absent when they had a chronically absent classmate. Research Questions (1) In elementary school, does having chronically absent classmates in the fall influence individual students’ absences in the spring of that same year? (2) Does this differ by the classroom proportion of chronically absent classmates? Subjects This study used administrative data from an urban school district in California. The district consisted of 13 public elementary schools. From these schools, the analytic sample contained N = 14,891 student observations from 2011 to 2014. Research Design This study examined whether a student was more likely to be chronically absent in the spring semester of the school year if they had a chronically absent classmate in the fall. We employed linear probability models with multiple fixed effects and time-varying covariates. Errors were clustered at the classroom level. Findings We found that students were more likely to be chronically absent in the spring when their classmates were absent in the fall. This finding was consistent across model specifications. Conclusions This finding supports previous research, highlights the value of promoting fall attendance, and aligns with current national, fall-based attendance-boosting policies and programs. When taken together with the idea that absences affect not only the absent child, but also raise the chance of other students being absent, it becomes even more crucial for administrators and policymakers to make informed decisions to address chronic absenteeism.

Observing the Interethnic Friendships in Elementary and Secondary Religion-Based School

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adib Rifqi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Classroom Context ◽  
Older Children ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Interethnic Friendships ◽  
Level I

Friendships provide opportunities to build empathy and practice social skills. Being friends with ethnically diverse peers can create opportunities for academic and social learning different from the opportunities afforded by same-ethnic friendships. Through my observation, I had been finding that elementary and secondary school students are less likely to have friends of a different ethnic — even from the beginning to the end of a single school year, as they progress in school. My observation show that most childhood friendships are formed in classrooms, but children tend to form friendships with others of their own ethnicity, with interethnic friendships decreasing across ages and grades. The observation looked at student and classroom factors that affect the likelihood of children forming friendships across ethnic. On an individual or student level, I looked at age, ethnic, and psychosocial factors, including sociability, internalizing behavior (such as worrying or feeling sad) and externalizing behavior (such as acting out or getting in trouble). I also examined factors related to classroom context, including teacher support, whether teachers treat students with varying levels of academic achievement differently, and competition among students. Results suggest that same-ethnic friendships increase over the school year, with greater increases among white and older children. Externalizing behavior predicted a greater increase in same-ethnic friendships, particularly among ‘domestic’ (Javanese: ‘cah kene dewe’) students. Teachers and classroom context influenced student friendships in two different ways. It suggests that teachers may make a difference in how students select and maintain friends. Classroom support -- measured by student perceptions of teachers' warmth, respect, and trust -- predicted less of an increase in same-ethnic friendships from fall to spring. In last, my observation points to the need not just for diverse schools, but also for teachers to foster classrooms where students and teachers support one another, and social and academic hierarchies are not dominant, which could increase the likelihood of students developing and maintaining interethnic friendships.

scholarly journals Why is syphilis rising in Europe? Multi-level modelling of alternative hypotheses in 31 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mendez-Lopez ◽  
D Stuckler ◽  
T Noori ◽  
J C Semenza
Keyword(s):  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract Background Syphilis transmission has increased markedly over the past two decades in Europe, concentrated in men who have sex with men. We test alternative potential social and behavioral individual- and population-level determinants of this resurgence. Methods Two rounds of the cross-sectional European Men who have sex with men Internet Survey (EMIS 2010 and 2017, n = 272,902) were used to fit multi-level linear probability models to evaluate determinants of the incidence of self-reported syphilis, capturing risky sexual behaviours and pre-exposure prophylaxis use, among others, adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders. Results Self-reported syphilis incidence rates rose by about 1.8 percentage points (within the last 12 months) and 3.9 (within the last 5 years) between the 2010 and 2017 waves, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. HIV status was a major risk factor for syphilis infection (27.6 ppt higher incident rate, 95%CI: 24.7 to 30.5). A dose-response relationship was observed between greater numbers of condomless non-steady partners and syphilis infection, with more than 10 partners estimating increases in the probability of diagnosis of over 25 ppt (11-20 partners vs none: 24.5 ppt, 95%CI: 20.5 to 28.5); further, we observed evidence of mediation for number of condomless non-steady partners, which attenuated the estimated rise in 2017 vs 2010 by about 35%. STI testing uptake also accounted for a substantial increase in syphilis incidence signaling higher detection rates over time. While country-level PrEP use was linked to greater number of condomless partners, there was no substantial impact of population-wide factors, including GDP and PrEP use, on overall syphilis trends. Conclusions Risky sexual behavior changes, particularly condomless sex with non-steady partners, appears to be a major contributing factor to rising syphilis incidence. Further research is needed to understand what accounts for this substantial behavior change. Key messages Increased number of condomless non-steady partners accounts for a substantial rise in syphilis trends. Population-level PrEP use was linked to increasing numbers of condomless non-steady partners but had no substantial impact on overall syphilis trends.

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