Rethinking Equality of Opportunity: Comment on Adam Swift’s How Not to be a Hypocrite

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Equality Of Opportunity ◽  
School Students ◽  
Selective Schools ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Equal Citizenship

Adam Swift objects to private schools on the grounds of equal opportunity and efficiency, and to both private and selective public schools on the grounds of solidarity and improving the academic achievement of less advantaged students. I argue that private schools are not inefficient, and that a meritocratic ideal of equality of opportunity in K-12 contexts is either inapplicable or undesirable. Swift’s objection that private school students unfairly ‘jump the queue’ is based on envy. Enforcing a queue by blocking extra parental investment in their children’s education would be inefficient and unjustly burden people who value education highly. Nor do the educational interests of the less advantaged always justify restrictions on selective schools. However, Swift’s solidarity objection against selective public schools is sound. I develop this objection in the context of ideals of democracy and equal citizenship.

scholarly journals CONSUMPTION OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED AND ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS AMONG STUDENTS FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Silva Ferreira ◽  
Dyene Aparecida Silva ◽  
Cristiana Araújo Gontijo ◽  
Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
School Students ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Public And Private

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare and analyze the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among students from public and private schools. Methods: Study conducted in Uberlândia, MG, with fifth-grade students from three private and six public schools, selected by stratified cluster sampling. We collected data on food consumption using the 24-hour recall. Foods were classified into four groups (G) according to extent and purpose of processing: fresh/minimally processed foods (G1) culinary ingredients (G2), processed foods (G3), and ultra-processed foods (G4). Total energy intake (kcal) of each group, amount of sugar (g), sodium (mg), and fiber (g) were quantified and compared according to administrative affiliation (private or public). Results: Percentage of total energy intake was: G1 - 52%; G2 - 12%; G3 - 5%; e G4 - 31%. Energy intake from G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%), and G3 (6.0 vs. 0.1%), and amount of sodium (3,293 vs. 2,724 mg) and fiber (23 vs. 18 g) were higher among students from public schools. Energy intake from G4 (36 vs. 28%) and amount of sugar (20 vs. 14%) were higher among students from private schools. The consumption of foods from G1 in the school environment was higher among students from public schools (40 vs. 9%). Conclusions: Foods from G1 represent the highest percentage of total energy intake, while those from G4 constitute a third of calories consumed. Processed juice, sandwich cookie, processed cake, and breakfast cereals are more frequent among private school students; snacks and juice powder are more common for students from public schools.

scholarly journals “Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug use?”: A survey from Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bahramnejad ◽  
Abedin Iranpour ◽  
Nouzar Nakhaee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

Abstract Background Recent evidence from Western countries suggests that private school students are more prone to drug use. Such an evidence is lacking in Muslim countries. The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk of drug use is higher in private schools than public schools.Methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 650 tenth grade students of Kerman city, the center of largest province of Iran using cluster sampling. Well-validated questionnaires regarding current, lifetime substance use, and perceived use by classmates were utilized. Substances included in the questionnaire were waterpipe, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas. Drug Use Tendency Scale was used to measure the attitudes of students towards drug use.Results The response rate was 93.7%. More than 82% of sample were public school students (n = 504). Current use of cigarette and marijuana was higher in private schools (12.2% and 3.0%, respectively) than public schools (4.4% and 0.5%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Perceived prevalence of cigarette smoking by classmates was higher among private school students.Conclusion Despite the popular belief that private schools are better than public schools regarding the risk of substance use, students who attend private schools may be at a higher risk of turning to some drugs comparing to public schools in Iran.

scholarly journals “Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug use?”: A survey from Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bahramnejad ◽  
Abedin Iranpour ◽  
Nouzar Nakhaee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

Abstract Background : Recent evidence from Western countries suggests that private school students are more prone to drug use. Such an evidence is lacking in Muslim countries. The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk of drug use is higher in private schools than public schools. Methods : This cross sectional study was conducted on 650 tenth grade students of Kerman city, the center of largest province of Iran using cluster sampling. Well-validated questionnaires regarding current, lifetime substance use, and perceived use by classmates were utilized. Substances included in the questionnaire were waterpipe, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas. Drug Use Tendency Scale was used to measure the attitudes of students towards drug use. Results : The response rate was 93.7%. More than 82% of sample were public school students (n=504). Current use of cigarette and marijuana was higher in private schools (12.2% and 3.0%, respectively) than public schools (4.4% and 0.5%, respectively) (P<0.05). Perceived prevalence of cigarette smoking by classmates was higher among private school students. Conclusion : Despite the popular belief that private schools are better than public schools regarding the risk of substance use, students who attend private schools may be at a higher risk of turning to some drugs comparing to public schools in Iran.

scholarly journals “Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug use?”: a survey from Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bahramnejad ◽  
Abedin Iranpour ◽  
Nouzar Nakhaee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

Abstract Background Recent evidence from Western countries suggests that private school students are more prone to drug use. Such an evidence is lacking in Muslim countries. The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk of drug use is higher in private schools than public schools. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 650 tenth grade students of Kerman city, the center of largest province of Iran using cluster sampling. Well-validated questionnaires regarding current, lifetime substance use, and perceived use by classmates were utilized. Substances included in the questionnaire were waterpipe, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas. Drug Use Tendency Scale was used to measure the attitudes of students towards drug use. Results The response rate was 93.7%. More than 82% of sample were public school students (n = 504). Current use of cigarette and marijuana was higher in private schools (12.2 and 3.0%, respectively) than public schools (4.4 and 0.5%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Perceived prevalence of cigarette smoking by classmates was higher among private school students. Conclusion Despite the popular belief that private schools are better than public schools regarding the risk of substance use, students who attend private schools may be at a higher risk of turning to some drugs comparing to public schools in Iran.

“Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug abuse?”: A survey from Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bahramnejad ◽  
Abedin Iranpour ◽  
Nouzar Nakhaee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Public School ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public School Students

Abstract Background Recent evidence from Western countries suggests that private school students are more prone to drug use. Such an evidence is lacking in Muslim countries. The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk of drug use is higher in private schools than public schools. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 630 randomly selected 10th grade students of Kerman city, the center of largest province of Iran. Well-validated questionnaires regarding current, lifetime substance use, and perceived use by classmates were utilized. Substances included in the questionnaire were waterpipe, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas. Drug Abuse Tendency Scale was used to measure the attitudes of students towards drug use. Results More than 82% of sample were public school students (n = 504). Ever use of cigarette, alcohol and marijuana was higher in private schools (27.6%, 39.0%, and 5.7%, respectively) than public schools (15.3%, 25.8%, 2.2%, respectively) (P < 0.05). The drug abuse tendency score was nearly higher in public school students (10.4 ± 9.4) than private schools (12.1 ± 9.9) (P = 0.090). Perceived prevalence of cigarette and marijuana use by classmates was higher among private school students. Conclusion Despite the popular belief that private schools are better than public schools regarding the risk of substance use, students who attend private schools are at a higher risk of turning to some drugs comparing to public schools in Iran.

scholarly journals Coleman’s Third Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Marjan Šimenc ◽  
Mojca Štraus
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Cognitive Achievement ◽  
School Students ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Individual Actor ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyses the (third) Coleman Report on private and public schools. The report scrutinises the relationship between private and public schools and shows that private school students show better academic achievement. Coleman concluded that these findings provided a strong argument in favour of public financial support for private schools. However,he identified a number of school characteristics that he believed to be related to student achievement. According to his analysis, these characteristics were not limited to privateschools; public schools exhibiting the same characteristics also had good results. Coleman interpreted the available data in favour of financial aid to private schools, although this was not the only possible interpretation. An alternative conclusion would have been to encourage these characteristics in public schools. Why did Coleman disregard this possibility? Why did he deviate from his usual scientific rigour? The present article suggests that there appear to be two reasons for the narrow interpretation of the relationship between public and private schools in Coleman’s third report. The first lies in Coleman’s notion of contemporary society as a constructed system in which every individual actor holds a place in the structure and requires incentives in order to act to the benefit of society. In the case of education, the goal of the institution is to ensure the high cognitive achievement of students, and the incentive is related to choice and competition. The second reason is related to Coleman’s vision of sociology as a discipline aiding the construction of an effective society.

scholarly journals Food Environment in and Around Schools and Colleges of Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Bassi ◽  
Deepika Bahl ◽  
Monika Arora ◽  
Fikru Tesfaye Tullu ◽  
Sakshi Dudeja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
School Students ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
Food Advertisements ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Food Policies

Abstract Background: Food policies and the environment in and around educational institutes have the potential to influence food practices, eating patterns, and behaviours of children. Methods: A mixed-methods, cross-sectional study was implemented to examine the existing food policies, food environment determinants, and food choices of school (9 schools; Private=6, Public=3) and college (n=4) going students from Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India. Data was collected from school (n=253) and college (n=57) students, parents of school students (n=190), teachers (n=12, schools=9, colleges=3), canteen operators of private schools (n=6) and colleges (n=4) using focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, surveys and structured observations (in and around schools and colleges). Results: A variety of food and beverage options were available in and around educational institutes but the majority of these options were unhealthy i.e. high in fat, salt, and sugar, despite restrictions. The available healthy foods and beverages in the canteens as well as outside through vendors were priced higher compared to unhealthy options. During lunchtime, twelve vendors were seen around six schools (3 private and 3 public). The density of these vendors increased at the time of dispersal (n=37) with a higher number of outside private schools (n=27) compared to public schools (n=10). Around colleges, vendors (n=14) were seen throughout the day. The students from all private schools (n=6) and colleges (n=2) were exposed to the high fat, salt, and sugar food advertisements (n=10), whereas, no advertisements were observed around public schools. Private school students are more vulnerable compared to public schools due to the availability of canteen with unhealthier options, the higher density of vendors outside school, higher exposure to unhealthy food advertisements, the higher purchasing power of students to eat outside food, and the non-availability of any school meals programme.Conclusion: The current food environment in and around educational institutes is conducive to establish and sustain unhealthy eating behaviours. It is imperative to ensure the availability of healthy food in and around their educational institutes to improve their health and wellbeing. Therefore, emphasise the need to address this challenge through regular monitoring and surveillance of the recently introduced FSSAI regulation 2020, to ensure its compliance and appropriate enforcement strategies.

scholarly journals The Aggregate Effect of School Choice: Evidence from a Two-Stage Experiment in India *

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Muralidharan ◽  
Venkatesh Sundararaman
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School Choice ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
School Students ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We present experimental evidence on the impact of a school choice program in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that provided students with a voucher to finance attending a private school of their choice. The study design featured a unique two-stage lottery-based allocation of vouchers that created both student-level and market-level experiments, which allows us to study the individual and the aggregate effects of school choice (including spillovers). After two and four years of the program, we find no difference between test scores of lottery winners and losers on Telugu (native language), math, English, and science/social studies, suggesting that the large cross-sectional differences in test scores across public and private schools mostly reflect omitted variables. However, private schools also teach Hindi, which is not taught by the public schools, and lottery winners have much higher test scores in Hindi. Furthermore, the mean cost per student in the private schools in our sample was less than a third of the cost in public schools. Thus, private schools in this setting deliver slightly better test score gains than their public counterparts (better on Hindi and same in other subjects), and do so at a substantially lower cost per student. Finally, we find no evidence of spillovers on public school students who do not apply for the voucher, or on private school students, suggesting that the positive effects on voucher winners did not come at the expense of other students.

scholarly journals Textual production of children without learning difficulties

CoDAS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida Gonçalves dos Santos ◽  
Simone Rocha de Vasconcellos Hage
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Public School ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
School Children ◽  
Private School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Overall Performance

PURPOSE: To characterize the writing skills of students, to compare the performance of students in public and private schools, and to identify enhancements in the course of the school year.METHODS: Three texts (narrative, game rules description, and a note or letter) written by 160 students from public and private schools were analyzed based on a specific protocol. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. To compare the overall performance by the protocol between school grades, the Kruskal-Wallis and Miller tests were used, and to compare results as to schools (private and public), Mann-Whitney test was used.RESULTS: Median values of aesthetic aspects, coherence, clarity, and concision for game rules description among public school students remained one point below the top score. Students from private schools achieved the highest score at medians. When comparing schools, private institutions had students with better performances, with significant difference. As to grades, statistical difference was found between the fourth and sixth grades of public schools and between the fourth and fifth grades of private schools.CONCLUSION: Most of the private school children showed consolidation of skills assessed in the different grades. However, public school children had this consolidation only at the sixth grade. Students from private schools had better performances compared to those from public schools. There is tendency to evolution from the fourth to sixth grades in public schools. However, the overall performance is similar in all grades in private schools.

scholarly journals ERICA: use of screens and consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Souza Oliveira ◽  
Laura Augusta Barufaldi ◽  
Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu ◽  
Vanessa Sá Leal ◽  
Gisela Soares Brunken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Private School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Complex Sampling ◽  
Range Type ◽  
Complex Sampling Design ◽  
The Media ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the length of exposure to screens and the prevalence of consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents in front of screens. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 12 to 17-year old adolescents from 1,247 schools in 124 Brazilian municipalities. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Its segment regarding nutrition contained questions about using TV, computers, and video game systems, having meals while watching TV, and consuming snacks in front of screens. Consumption of meals and snacks in front of screens was analyzed according to the following variables: geographical region, gender, age range, type of school (public or private), and school shift. The prevalences and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated under a complex sampling design. RESULTS A great deal of the adolescents (73.5%, 95%CI 72.3-74.7) reported spending two or more hours a day in front of screens. That habit was more frequent among male adolescents, private school students, morning shift students, and students from Brazil’s South region. More than half of the adolescents (56.6%, 95%CI 55.4-57.8) reported almost always or always having meals in front of TV, and 39.6% (95%CI 38.8-40.5) of them said they consumed snacks in front of screens exactly as often. Both situations were the most prevalent ones among the girls, who attended public schools and were from Brazil’s Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS Length of exposure to screens and consumption of meals and snacks almost always or always in front of screens are high among Brazilian adolescents. It is necessary to develop strategies aiming to reduce the length of screen use, considering the media reality that children and adolescents have been experiencing from earlier and earlier ages. That context must therefore be analyzed in an indissociable way.

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