scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Vape Shop Density and Proximity to Public Schools in the Conterminous United States, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9S-17S ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dilip Venugopal ◽  
Aura Lee Morse ◽  
Cindy Tworek ◽  
Hoshing Wan Chang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
District Administrators ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Vape Shops

We conducted an environmental justice assessment examining the distribution of specialty vape shops in relation to where minority and low-income youth live and attend school. We collated and examined the density of vape shops in public school districts in 2018 throughout the conterminous United States using geographic information systems. We calculated the proximity of vape shops to public middle and high schools through nearest neighbor analysis in QGIS software. We examined the statistical relationships between the density of vape shops in school districts, and proximity to schools, with the proportion of racial/ethnic minorities and those living in poverty. We found that vape shops are more densely distributed, and are in closer proximity to schools, in school districts with higher proportions of Asian and Black or African American populations. However, vape shops were further away from schools in school districts with higher proportions of the population in poverty. The proximity and higher density of vape shops in relationship to schools in Asian and Black or African American communities may result in disproportionate health impacts due to greater access and exposure to vape products and advertisements. Our results may help school district administrators prioritize and target efforts to curb youth vaping (e.g., health education curricula) in these school districts with high density and closer proximity of vape shops to schools. Policy efforts, such as local ordinances restricting the promotion and sale of vaping products close to schools, could help prevent disproportionate human and environmental health impacts to minorities.

scholarly journals Imagining Her Future: Diversity in Mothers’ Socialization Goals for Their Adolescent Daughters

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ramirez ◽  
Linda Oshin ◽  
Stephanie Milan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Socialization Goals ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Q Sort

According to developmental niche theory, members of different cultural and ethnic groups often have distinct ideas about what children need to become well-adapted adults. These beliefs are reflected in parents’ long-term socialization goals for their children. In this study, we test whether specific themes that have been deemed important in literature on diverse families in the United States (e.g., Strong Black Woman [SBW], marianismo, familismo) are evident in mothers’ long-term socialization goals. Participants included 192 mothers of teenage daughters from a low-income city in the United States (58% Latina, 22% African American, and 20% European American [EA]/White). Socialization goals were assessed through a q-sort task on important traits for a woman to possess and content analysis of open-ended responses about what values mothers hoped they would transmit to their daughters as they become adults. Results from ANCOVAs and logistic regression indicate significant racial/ethnic differences on both tasks consistent with hypotheses. On the q-sort task, African American mothers put more importance on women possessing traits such as independence than mothers from other racial/ethnic groups. Similarly, they were more likely to emphasize self-confidence and strength in what they hoped to transmit to their daughters. Contrary to expectation, Latina mothers did not emphasize social traits on the q-sort; however, in open-ended responses, they were more likely to focus on the importance of motherhood, one aspect of marianismo and familismo. Overall, results suggest that these mothers’ long-term socialization goals incorporate culturally relevant values considered important for African American and Latino families.

Cut From the Same Cloth? Comparing Urban District CBAs Within States and Across the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley D. Marianno ◽  
Tara Kilbride ◽  
Roddy Theobald ◽  
Katharine O. Strunk ◽  
Joshua M. Cowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban School Districts ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
High Profile ◽  
District Administrators

There is considerable speculation and some empirical evidence that teacher collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) in urban school districts are more restrictive to district administrators than CBAs in other districts. We build on prior work by comparing urban with nonurban CBAs in three states—California, Michigan, and Washington—and, for a set of high-profile provisions, with those in CBAs from 72 of the largest districts in the country outside those states. We find that urban CBAs are more restrictive than nonurban CBAs in all three states, but there is still considerable heterogeneity across districts in overall restrictiveness and in high-profile provisions.

scholarly journals Differences in COVID-19 Testing and Test Positivity Among Veterans, United States, 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110094
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Ferguson ◽  
Hoda S. Abdel Magid ◽  
Amanda L. Purnell ◽  
Mathew V. Kiang ◽  
Thomas F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Positive Test Result ◽  
Black African ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Test Result

Objective COVID-19 disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We evaluated characteristics associated with obtaining a COVID-19 test from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and receiving a positive test result for COVID-19. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 6 292 800 veterans in VHA care at 130 VHA medical facilities. We assessed the number of tests for SARS-CoV-2 administered by the VHA (n = 822 934) and the number of positive test results (n = 82 094) from February 8 through December 28, 2020. We evaluated associations of COVID-19 testing and test positivity with demographic characteristics of veterans, adjusting for facility characteristics, comorbidities, and county-level area-based socioeconomic measures using nested generalized linear models. Results In fully adjusted models, veterans who were female, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, urban, and low income and had a disability had an increased likelihood of obtaining a COVID-19 test, and veterans who were Asian had a decreased likelihood of obtaining a COVID-19 test. Compared with veterans who were White, veterans who were Black/African American (risk ratio [RR] = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.19-1.27) and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (RR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.21) had an increased likelihood of receiving a positive test result. Hispanic/Latino veterans had a 43% higher likelihood of receiving a positive test result than non-Hispanic/Latino veterans did. Conclusions Although veterans have access to subsidized health care at the VHA, the increased risk of receiving a positive test result for COVID-19 among Black and Hispanic/Latino veterans, despite receiving more tests than White and non-Hispanic/Latino veterans, suggests that other factors (eg, social inequities) are driving disparities in COVID-19 prevalence.

Prison School

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizbet Simmons
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
African American Boys ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparity ◽  
War On Crime ◽  
Prison Populations

Public schools across the United States have turned to the criminal justice system as a gold standard of discipline. As public schools and offices of justice have become collaborators in punishment, rates of African American suspension and expulsion have soared, dropout rates have accelerated, and prison populations have exploded. Nowhere, perhaps, has the War on Crime been more influential in broadening racialized academic and socioeconomic disparity than in New Orleans, Louisiana, where in 2002 the criminal sheriff opened his own public school at the Orleans Parish Prison. “The Prison School,” as locals called it, enrolled low-income African American boys who had been removed from regular public schools because of nonviolent disciplinary offenses, such as tardiness and insubordination. By examining this school in the local and national context, this book shows how young black males are in the liminal state of losing educational affiliation while being caught in the net of correctional control. This book asks how schools and prisons became so intertwined. What does this mean for students, communities, and a democratic society? And how do we unravel the ties that bind the racialized realities of school failure and mass incarceration?

Health Disparities in the Access and Cost of Health Care for Otolaryngologic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Ruthberg ◽  
Hammad A. Khan ◽  
Konrad D. Knusel ◽  
Nicholas M. Rabah ◽  
Todd D. Otteson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
African American ◽  
Emergency Department Visit ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Cost Of Health Care

Objective To demonstrate whether race, education, income, or insurance status influences where patients seek medical care and the cost of care for a broad range of otolaryngologic diseases in the United States. Study Design Retrospective cohort study using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, from 2007 to 2015. Setting Nationally representative database. Subjects and Methods Patients with 14 common otolaryngologic conditions were identified using self-reported data and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. To analyze disparities in the utilization and cost of otolaryngologic care, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to compare outpatient and emergency department visit rates and costs for African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian patients, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Of 78,864 respondents with self-reported otolaryngologic conditions, African American and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely to visit outpatient otolaryngologists than Caucasians (African American: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.57; 95% CI, 0.5-0.65; Hispanic: aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.56-0.73) and reported lower average costs per emergency department visit than Caucasians (African American: $4013.67; Hispanic: $3906.21; Caucasian: $7606.46; P < .001). In addition, uninsured, low-income patients without higher education were significantly less likely to receive outpatient otolaryngologic care than privately insured, higher-income, and more educated individuals (uninsured: aOR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.29-0.51; poor: aOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87; no degree: aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82). Conclusion In this study, significant racial and socioeconomic discrepancies exist in the utilization and cost of health care for otolaryngologic conditions in the United States.

Do, say, learn: the functions of mothers’ speech to infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-84
Author(s):  
Yana A. KUCHIRKO ◽  
Jacob L. SCHATZ ◽  
Katelyn K. FLETCHER ◽  
Catherine S. TAMIS-LEMONDA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
African American Mothers ◽  
Latina Mothers ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Book Sharing

AbstractWe examined the functions of mothers’ speech to infants during two tasks – book-sharing and bead-stringing – in low-income, ethnically diverse families. Mexican, Dominican, and African American mothers and their infants were video-recorded sharing wordless books and toy beads in the home when infants were aged 1;2 and 2;0. Mothers’ utterances were classified into seven categories (labels/descriptions, emotion/state language, attention directives, action directives, prohibitions, questions, and vocal elicitations) which were grouped into three broad language functions: referential language, regulatory language, and vocalization prompts. Mothers’ ethnicity, years of education, years living in the United States, and infant sex and age related to mothers’ language functions. Dominican and Mexican mothers were more likely to use regulatory language than were African American mothers, and African American mothers were more likely to use vocalization prompts than were Latina mothers. Vocalization prompts and referential language increased with mothers’ education and Latina mothers’ years living in the United States. Finally, mothers of boys used more regulatory language than did mothers of girls. Socio-cultural and developmental contexts shape the pragmatics of mothers’ language to infants.

scholarly journals Sedentary and Physically Active Behavior Patterns Among Low-Income African-American and White Adults Living in the Southeastern United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e59975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Cohen ◽  
Charles E. Matthews ◽  
Lisa B. Signorello ◽  
David G. Schlundt ◽  
William J. Blot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
White Adults

Epilogue

Brown Beauty ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 261-262
Author(s):  
Laila Haidarali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
African American Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
And Function

This epilogue reemphasizes the arguments in the book. Brown-skin models acquired significant social status as African American women on an expanded global stage between 1945 and 1954—a short but critical period that marked the end of World War II, the hardening lines of Cold War politics, and the significant victory of Brown v. Board of Education that, in 1954, made segregation illegal in public schools. Indeed, during this short period and turning tide, a powerful iconography of beautiful brown women emerged to represent African-descended people in the United States by recasting beauty as a democratic right and function. Brown beauty was formalized, both at home and abroad, as a consumerist symbol of women’s successful negotiation of the trials of race, sex, and womanhood in the postwar nation, still half-segregated.

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