Effects of Hypoxia on the Development of Intestinal Enzymes in Neonatal and Juvenile Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 228 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping C. Lee ◽  
Mark Struve ◽  
Hershel Raff
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Juvenile Rats ◽  
Intestinal Enzymes ◽  
Jejunal Segment ◽  
Maltase Activity ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Delayed Maturation

Hypoxia in the neonate is known to alter the activity of hepatic and pancreatic enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of neonatal hypoxia on the activity of intestinal enzymes, and to determine whether the administration of glucocorticoids to neonates can mimic the effects of hypoxia. Hypoxia in neonatal rats (0–7 days) increased protein content, and lactase and maltase activity in the duodenal and the jejunal segments of the small intestine compared with normoxic controls. Hypoxia in juvenile rats (28–35 days) did not change these enzymes. Two weeks after returning hypoxic (0–7 days) pups to normoxia, their body weight remained lower than the age-matched controls. In the group recovering from hypoxia, sucrase, maltase, and leucine aminopeptidase activities were lower in the duodenal and the jejunal segment. Compared with controls, LDH activity was lower only in the jejunal intestine in the group recovering from hypoxia. All enzyme activities returned to control levels 3 weeks after recovery. Neonatal rats treated with dexamethasone had a decrease in body weight, but increases in sucrase and maltase activity in both the duodenal and the jejunal segment. Hypoxia in newborn rats caused a delayed maturation of small intestinal enzymes. Increases in serum glucocorticoids after hypoxic exposure probably do not play a major role in the delayed maturation of the disaccharidase activity in the small intestine.

scholarly journals Morphology of small intestinal mucosa and intestinal weight change with metabolic type of cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zitnan ◽  
J. Voigt ◽  
S. Kuhla ◽  
J. Wegner ◽  
A. Chudy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Metabolic Type ◽  
Small Intestinal

The objective of this study was to investigate rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and morphology of ruminal und intestinal mucosa in two cattle breeds of different metabolic type. From each breed six purebred German Holstein (H) bulls representing the secretion type and six Charolais (CH) bulls representing the accretion type were raised and fattened under identical conditions with <I>semi ad libitum</I> feeding of a high energy diet. The animals were used for a digestion trial started at nine months of age and animals were slaughtered at 18 months of age. Body weight (668 vs. 764 kg, <I>P</I> = 0.011), body weight gain (1 223 vs. 1 385 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.043), and body protein gain (93 vs. 128 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.001) were lower in H compared to CH bulls. Protein expense per kg protein accretion was higher in H bulls (13.8 vs. 10.2, <I>P</I> = 0.001). No significant differences were found in concentration and pattern of ruminal short chain fatty acid and in apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, and N-free extracts. There were no significant differencs in all morphometric traits of rumen mucosa between both cattle breeds. Compared to H, the villi of CH bulls were higher in duodenum (586 vs. 495 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunum (598 vs. 518&mu;m, <I>P</I> < 0.001), the crypt were deeper in duodenum (295 vs. 358, <I>P</I>< 0.001) and proximal jejunum (292 vs. 344 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.020). In contrast, the villi in ileum were higher in H (522 vs. 471 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.006). The weight of total small intestine, as percentage of total body weight, was 1.1 in H and 0.8 in CH (<I>P</I> = 0.002). The utilization of food crude protein was positively related to the duodenal (<I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunal villus height (<I>P</I> = 0.003) and to the duodenal crypt depth (<I>P</I> < 0.001) and negatively related to weight of small intestine (<I>P</I> = 0.004). It is concluded, that the higher growth potential and feed efficiency in CH bulls compared to H bulls is not caused by differences in digestion processes, but in size of small intestine, and morphology of small intestinal mucosa. Obviously the duodenum and proximal jejunum of CH bulls adapt to increase the absorptive surface due to the increase in nutrient demand.

scholarly journals The influence of the intestinal microflora on disaccharidase activities in the chick

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
Marie E. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Lactase Activity ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Maltase sucrase, palatinase (the enzyme that hydrolyses palatinose, i.e. 6-o-α-D-gluco-pyranosyl-D-fructose) and lactase activities were measured in the small and large intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks given either a diet of purified ingredients or a practical chick mash.2. With the purified diet there were no differences in body-weight or small intestinal disaccharidase activities between germ-free and conventional chicks. With the chick mash the germ-free birds were heavier and had higher total amounts of maltase, sucrase and palatinase activities in the small intestine than did their conventional controls. When disaccharidase activities were expressed in terms of body-weight there were no differences between birds in the two environments. Enzyme activities were consistently higher in the birds given chick mash.3. Inclusion of milled fibre in the purified diet did not increase the weight or disaccharidase activities of the small intestine in either environment.4. Lactase was virtually absent from the small intestine of birds in both environments and from the large intestine of germ-free birds. There was appreciable lactase activity in the large intestinal contents of conventional chicks, and it was increased by inclusion of lactose in the diet.5. When lactose was the sole source of carbohydrate the birds grew poorly but mortality rate was less among conventional compared with germ-free chicks.6. It was concluded that the presence of micro-organisms has no direct effect on disaccharidase production in the small intestine of the chick. Microbial lactase is present in the large intestine, and at least some of the products of its action can be utilized by the bird.

EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE ACTIVITY OF α-GLUCOSIDASES AND ACID HYDROLASES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF RATS DURING WEANING

1975 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
OTAKAR KOLDOVSKÝ ◽  
JOCELYN JUMAWAN ◽  
MICHAEL PALMIERI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Enzyme Profile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Maltase Activity ◽  
Old Rats

SUMMARY Adrenalectomy performed on 14-day-old rats delayed the usual increase of sucrase and maltase activity as well as the decrease of acid β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity during the third postnatal week. Since these changes were only delayed, the role of the thyroid was explored. Thyroidectomy performed simultaneously with adrenalectomy on 14-day-old rats did not influence the increase in body weight and growth of the small intestine (already slowed down by adrenalectomy), but caused a further substantial delay in the maturation of the enzyme profile of the small intestine. Our results indicate that the thyroid is involved in regulation of the hydrolases studied.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF AMLODIPINE ON ENTEROPATHY INDUCED BY INDOMETHACIN IN RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
YARA ANNOUF ◽  
SHAZA AL-LAHAM ◽  
EYAD AL-SHATTI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Small Intestinal Injury ◽  
Small Intestinal

Objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become well known for causing gastroduodenal mucosal damage. In addition, they are also known to affect the small intestine in humans. Amlodipine is a third-generation dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blocker; it can inhibit inflammatory cytokines and enhance antioxidant defenses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Amlodipine on indomethacin-induced enteropathy in rats. Methods: Enteropathy was induced by subcutaneous indomethacin (Indo) prepared in 5 % sodium bicarbonate administrated at a dose rate of 9 mg/kg for two days at 24h intervals. Amlodipine (10 mg/Kg body weight po) was administrated for seven consecutive days beginning 24 h after the first Indo injection. Rats were sacrificed under ether anesthesia on the 8th day. The small intestinal injury was assessed by body weight loss, small intestine weight/length ratio, macroscopic damage, histological study, as well as by biochemical measurement of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxides and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the small intestine tissue. Results: The results showed that Amlodipine didn't decrease body weight loss, it decreased small intestine weight/length ratio, macroscopic and microscopic small intestinal damage scores caused by administration of Indo. It also increased SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxidation. The effect on the level of GSH wasn't observed. No statistical significance was observed when previous findings were compared to Indo induced enteropathy group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Amlodipine didn't produce an obvious enhancement in enteropathy induced by Indo in rats.

scholarly journals Duodenal Infusions of Starch with Casein or Glutamic Acid Influence Pancreatic and Small Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities in Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Leonardo G Sitorski ◽  
Subash Acharya ◽  
Derek W Brake ◽  
Kendall C Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACT Background Small intestinal starch digestion in ruminants is potentially limited by inadequate production of carbohydrases. Previous research has demonstrated that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved by postruminal supply of casein or glutamic acid. However, the mechanisms by which casein and glutamic acid increase starch digestion are not well understood. Objectives The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of duodenal infusions of starch with casein or glutamic acid on postruminal carbohydrase activities in cattle. Methods Twenty-two steers [mean body weight (BW) = 179 ± 4.23 kg] were surgically fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulas and limit-fed a soybean hull–based diet containing small amounts of starch. Raw cornstarch (1.61 ± 0.0869 kg/d) was infused into the duodenum alone (control), or with 118 ± 7.21 g glutamic acid/d, or 428 ± 19.4 g casein/d. Treatments were infused continuously for 58 d and then steers were killed for tissue collection. Activities of pancreatic (α-amylase) and intestinal (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase, sucrase) carbohydrases were determined. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (replicate group) design using the GLM procedure of SAS to determine effects of infusion treatment. Results Duodenal casein infusion increased (P &lt; 0.05) pancreatic α-amylase activity by 290%. Duodenal glutamic acid infusion increased (P &lt; 0.03) duodenal maltase activity by 233%. Duodenal casein infusion increased jejunal maltase (P = 0.02) and glucoamylase (P = 0.03) activity per gram protein by 62.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Duodenal casein infusion tended to increase (P = 0.10) isomaltase activity per gram jejunum by 38.5% in the jejunum. Sucrase activity was not detected in any segment of the small intestine. Conclusions These results suggest that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved in cattle with increased small intestinal flow of casein through increases in postruminal carbohydrase activities.

scholarly journals Exogenous leptin controls the development of the small intestine in neonatal piglets

2003 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wolinski ◽  
M Biernat ◽  
P Guilloteau ◽  
BR Westrom ◽  
R Zabielski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Marker Molecule

Leptin, a hormone produced and secreted by adipose tIssue, muscles and stomach, is involved in the regulation of adipose tIssue mass, food intake and body weight in neonatal animals. It is also produced in the mammary glands and secreted into the colostrum and milk. Since leptin receptors are widely distributed in the small intestine mucosa, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenous leptin on the development of the small intestine in neonatal piglets. Male neonatal piglets were fed with sow's milk or artificial milk formula. Every 8 h the latter received either vehicle or leptin (2 or 10 microg/kg body weight). The animals were either killed after 6 days of treatment and the small intestine sampled for histology and brush border enzyme activities or were tested for marker molecule (Na-fluorescein and BSA) absorption in vivo. Feeding milk formula slowed the maturation of small intestinal mucosa compared with feeding sow's milk. However, after leptin treatment the length of the small intestine was increased, and intestinal villi length, but not crypt size, was reduced compared with controls. The mitotic index was increased and the percentage of vacuolated enterocytes was reduced in the entire small intestine. Enterocyte brush border protease and lactase activities were reduced in the jejunum. Na-fluorescein marker molecule absorption did not change but that of BSA was reduced 3.8-fold. In conclusion, exogenous leptin administered in physiological doses reversed the maturation of the small intestinal mucosa to the range found in sow-reared piglets.

Application of a dynamic mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion in the dairy cow

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J. A. N. Mills ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
L. A. Crompton ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Small Intestinal

The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (>50%) to total tract starch digestion on certain energy dense diets (Mills et al. 1999) demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion are identified. Therefore, a dynamic mechanistic model of the small intestine was constructed and evaluated against published experimental data for abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The mechanistic structure of the model allowed the current biological knowledge to be integrated into a system capable of identifying restrictions to dietary energy recovery from postruminal starch delivery.

Influence of microbial species on small intestinal myoelectric activity and transit in germ-free rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. G368-G380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Husebye ◽  
Per M. Hellström ◽  
Frank Sundler ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Tore Midtvedt
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Burst Activity ◽  
Intestinal Transit ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Regular Spike ◽  
Spike Burst ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Small Intestinal

The effect of an intestinal microflora consisting of selected microbial species on myoelectric activity of small intestine was studied using germ-free rat models, with recording before and after specific intestinal colonization, in the unanesthetized state. Intestinal transit, neuropeptides in blood (RIA), and neuromessengers in the intestinal wall were determined. Clostridium tabificum vp 04 promoted regular spike burst activity, shown by a reduction of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) period from 30.5 ± 3.9 min in the germ-free state to 21.2 ± 0.14 min ( P < 0.01). Lactobacillus acidophilus A10 and Bifidobacterium bifidum B11 reduced the MMC period from 27.9 ± 4.5 to 21.5 ± 2.1 min ( P < 0.02) and accelerated small intestinal transit ( P < 0.05). Micrococcus luteus showed an inhibitory effect, with an MMC period of 35.9 ± 9.3 min compared with 27.7 ± 6.3 min in germ-free rats ( P < 0.01). Inhibition was indicated also for Escherichia coli X7gnotobiotic rats. No consistent changes in slow wave frequency were observed. The concentration of neuropeptide Y in blood decreased after introduction of conventional intestinal microflora, suggesting reduced inhibitory control. Intestinal bacteria promote or suppress the initiation and aboral migration of the MMC depending on the species involved. Bacteria with primitive fermenting metabolism (anaerobes) emerge as important promoters of regular spike burst activity in small intestine.

Su1211 The Utility of Small Intestine Capsule Endoscopy and Balloon-Assisted Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Tumors

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. AB316
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Sawada ◽  
Ryosuke Miyazaki ◽  
Ayako Ishii ◽  
Yusuke Nagata ◽  
Makio Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Intestinal Tumors ◽  
Small Intestinal

Serum cobalamin concentrations and small intestinal ultrasound changes in 75 cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Jugan ◽  
John R August
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Small Intestinal

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate ultrasonographic changes in the small intestine of cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and low or low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations. Methods Records for client-owned cats presenting to the small animal hospital with signs of gastrointestinal disease and in which serum cobalamin concentrations were measured from 2000–2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l, abdominal ultrasound within 1 month of cobalamin testing and definitive diagnosis. Results Of 751 serum cobalamin measurements, hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin was identified in 270 cats, abdominal ultrasound was performed in 207 of those cats and a diagnosis was available for 75 of them. Small intestinal ultrasound changes were detected in 49/75 (65%) cats. Abnormalities included thickening, loss of wall layer definition, echogenicity alterations and discrete masses. Serum cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l were observed with diagnoses of inflammatory disease, neoplasia, infectious disease and normal histopathology. Cobalamin concentration was significantly lower in cats with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease compared with other gastrointestinal neoplasia ( P = 0.031). No difference was found between cobalamin concentration and the presence of ultrasound abnormalities, specific ultrasound changes or albumin concentration. Conclusions and relevance One-third of symptomatic cats with hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin concentrations may have an ultrasonographically normal small intestine. For the majority of cats in this study, histopathologic abnormalities were observed in the small intestine, regardless of ultrasound changes. These findings suggest gastrointestinal disease should not be excluded based on low–normal cobalamin concentrations, even with a concurrent normal ultrasound examination. Additional studies are needed in cats with low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations, as a definitive diagnosis was not pursued consistently in those cats. However, data from this study suggest that careful monitoring, histopathologic evaluation and future cobalamin supplementation may be warranted.

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