Triggering and Detecting Attentional Narrowing in Controlled Environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C. Prinet ◽  
Alexander C. Mize ◽  
Nadine Sarter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Source Of Information

Attentional narrowing refers to a state in which operators, involuntarily and unconsciously, fail to process a subset of potentially critical information. Little is known about factors that trigger the phenomenon and how to detect and distinguish it from a related state, focused attention, where one deliberately concentrates on one source of information. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of three factors - workload, a novel difficult problem and incentive - for inducing attentional narrowing, and (2) identify markers of attentional narrowing and focused attention. Performance, eye-tracking data and anxiety levels were recorded while participants timeshared numerous tasks. When confronted with a novel problem, participants’ visual attention narrowed towards the affected task, and performance dropped on several tasks when all three factors were present. The findings from this study highlight promising means of inducing narrowing and show that eye-tracking, together with performance data, enable real-time detection of attentional narrowing.

Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shannon P. Devlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Byham ◽  
Sara Lu Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
History Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Workload History ◽  
Over Time

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K , as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K , as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.

scholarly journals Are Photographs Worth More Than a Thousand Words? Examining the Effects of Photographic–Textual and Textual-Only Frames on Public Attitude Toward Nuclear Energy and Nanotechnology

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 948-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund W. J. Lee ◽  
Shirley S. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Public Attitude ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of photographic–textual and risk–benefit frames on the level of visual attention, risk perception, and public support for nuclear energy and nanotechnology in Singapore. Using a 2 (photographic–textual vs. textual-only frames) × 2 (risk vs. benefit frames) × 2 (nuclear energy vs. nanotechnology) between-subject design with eye-tracking data, the results showed that photographic–textual frames elicited more attention and did have partial amplification effect. However, this was observable only in the context of nuclear energy, where public support was lowest when participants were exposed to risk frames accompanied by photographs. Implications for theory and practice were discussed.

Self-Focused Attention and Performance Failure under Psychological Stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Min Liao ◽  
Richard S.W. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Time To Event ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Degree

Although it has often been implied that self-focused attention plays a mediating role in performance degradation under stress, the assumption that stress will evoke self-focus has received limited empirical support. Two studies were carried out to explore this relationship. The first study, using a time-to-event paradigm, showed that a higher level of self-focused attention accompanied increased anxiety levels in the buildup to competition. In the second study, basketball novices who were instructed to focus on the mechanics of the ball-shooting process during practice suffered a significant performance decrement in a subsequent stressful test phase, whereas those who were required only to do their best during practice showed no degradation in performance. It was concluded that self-focused attention may increase in response to psychological stress, and that the negative effect of self-focused attention on performance under stress is likely to be magnified by learning the skill under a high degree of self-focused attention, which can result in an overawareness of the performance process.

Markov chain based computational visual attention model that learns from eye tracking data

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Zhong ◽  
Xinbo Zhao ◽  
Xiao-chun Zou ◽  
James Z. Wang ◽  
Wenhu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Visual Attention Model ◽  
Attention Model

scholarly journals Effects of individuality, education, and image on visual attention: Analyzing eye-tracking data using machine learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangwon Lee ◽  
Yongha Hwang ◽  
Yan Jin ◽  
Sihyeong Ahn ◽  
Jaewan Park
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Classification Algorithms ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
The Impact

Machine learning, particularly classification algorithms, constructs mathematical models from labeled data that can predict labels for new data. Using its capability to identify distinguishing patterns among multi-dimensional data, we investigated the impact of three factors on the observation of architectural scenes: Individuality, education, and image stimuli. An analysis of the eye-tracking data revealed that (1) a velocity histogram was unique to individuals, (2) students of architecture and other disciplines could be distinguished via endogenous parameters, but (3) they were more distinct in terms of seeking structural versus symbolic elements. Because of the reverse nature of the classification algorithms that automatically learn from data, we could identify relevant parameters and distinguishing eye-tracking patterns that have not been reported in previous studies.

scholarly journals Nutri-Score and Nutrition Facts Panel through the Eyes of the Consumer: Correct Healthfulness Estimations Depend on Transparent Labels, Fixation Duration, and Product Equivocality

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2915
Author(s):  
Saar Bossuyt ◽  
Kathleen Custers ◽  
José Tummers ◽  
Laura Verbeyst ◽  
Bert Oben
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Nutrition Facts Panel ◽  
The Impact

Research on front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) demonstrated that Nutri-Score is one of the most promising FOPLs regarding healthfulness estimation accuracy. Nevertheless, as consumers are exposed to both the Nutri-Score and the mandatory Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) in the supermarket, it is key to understand if and how both labels interact. This study investigates the contribution of Nutri-Score and NFP regarding healthfulness estimation accuracy, whether this impact differs depending on the product, and what role visual attention plays. We set up an eye-tracking experiment in a controlled setting in which 398 participants rated the healthfulness of 20 products. The results confirmed the positive impact of the Nutri-Score on healthfulness estimation accuracy, though the impact was larger for equivocal (i.e., difficult to judge) products. Interestingly, NFP either had no effect (compared to a package without Nutri-Score or NFP) or a negative effect (compared to a package with Nutri-Score alone) on healthfulness estimation accuracy. Eye-tracking data corroborated that ‘cognitive overload’ issues could explain why consumers exposed to Nutri-Score alone outperformed those exposed to both Nutri-Score and NFP. This study offers food for thought for policymakers and the industry seeking to maximize the potential of the Nutri-Score.

scholarly journals Effect of Monitor Placement on Situational Awareness and Visual Attention in Simulated Neonatal Resuscitations

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e28-e29
Author(s):  
Brenda Hiu Yan Law ◽  
Po-Yin Cheung ◽  
Sylvia van Os ◽  
Caroline Fray ◽  
Georg Schmölzer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
User Preference ◽  
And Performance

Abstract BACKGROUND Decision-making in neonatal resuscitation depends on clinical evaluation, oxygen saturation and heart-rate. However, the position of vital signs monitors varies between institutions and might lead to obstructed or difficult to see displays, which might affect Health Care Provider (HCP) performance. OBJECTIVES To compare Situation Awareness (SA), Neonatal Resuscitation (NRP) checklist score, Visual Attention (VA) and participant satisfaction during simulated neonatal resuscitations using two vital signs monitors locations. DESIGN/METHODS NRP-trained HCPs were recruited from a tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and randomized to either central (eye-level on the radiant warmer) or peripheral (left of the warmer) monitor placement. Following an orientation scenario, each HCP lead a resuscitation requiring intubation and chest compressions with a high-fidelity manikin (Newborn HAL, Gaumard Scientific, Miami, FL) and a standardized assistant. Each scenario was paused at 3 predetermined points and the HCP was asked 5 SA questions at each pause, per the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Tool (SAGAT) format. Simulations were video-recorded to analyze SAGAT responses and performance rating using a modified NRP checklist. VA was recorded using eye-tracking glasses (Tobii Pro, Tobii Technology Inc., Falls Church, VA) worn by participants. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test. A post-simulation survey examined user preference. RESULTS We randomized 30 HCPs; all were analyzed for SA and NRP checklist scores. Twenty-two eye-tracking recordings were of sufficient quality and analyzed. SAGAT scores (median 11/15 vs. 12/15, p=0.52) and NRP Checklist Scores (median 46/50, p=0.75) were similar between groups. Distribution of VA was also similar in both groups. In the post-simulation survey, all HCPs found central monitor placement convenient, compared with only 8/15 in peripheral placement. CONCLUSION During simulated neonatal resuscitation, HCPs found central monitor placement more convenient. However, no differences in accuracy of situation awareness responses, NRP checklist scores, or visual attention were found. Hi-fidelity simulation, SAGAT, and eye-tracking can be used to evaluate physical ergonomics of neonatal resuscitation.

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