Effects of Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Lead on Neuromuscular Functioning

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
John D. Repko ◽  
John A. Nicholson ◽  
Ben B. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The Body ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Inorganic Lead ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Neuromuscular Functioning

In an investigation of the behavioral effects of Occupational Exposure to lead, nineteen measures of neuromuscular performance and five measures of the body burden of lead were obtained from 316 experimental and 112 control subjects. The experimental subjects were volunteers from among workers exposed to inorganic lead at their jobs in three storage (lead-acid) battery manufacturing companies; the controls were volunteers from companies involved in other various types of light manufacturing. The relationships among the measures of neuromuscular functioning and body burden of lead were determined through the use of correlation and multiple-regression analyses. The results of these analyses suggest that functional capacity decreased in terms of tremor and eye-hand coordination but increased in terms of muscular strength. In addition, the data suggest that these changes occur on the preferred side and at blood-lead levels between 70 and 79 micrograms per cent.

scholarly journals Lead Toxicity in a Family as a Result of Occupational Exposure

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryapu Raviraja ◽  
Gaja Babu ◽  
Anita Bijoor ◽  
Geraldine Menezes ◽  
Thuppil Venkatesh
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lead Levels

Lead Toxicity in a Family as a Result of Occupational ExposureThis article describes an entire family manufacturing lead acid batteries who all suffered from lead poisoning. The family of five lived in a house, part of which had been used for various stages of battery production for 14 years. Open space was used for drying batteries. They all drank water from a well located on the premises. Evaluation of biomarkers of lead exposure and/or effect revealed alarming blood lead levels [(3.92±0.94) μmol L-1], 50 % reduction in the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [(24.67±5.12) U L-1] and an increase in zinc protoporphyrin [(1228±480) μg L-1]. Liver function tests showed an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase [(170.41±41.82) U L-1]. All other liver function test parameters were normal. Renal function tests showed an increase in serum uric acid [(515.81±86.29) μmol L-1] while urea and creatinine were normal. Serum calcium was low [(1.90±0.42) mmol L-1in women and (2.09±0.12) mmol L-1in men], while blood pressure was high in the head of the family and his wife and normal in children. Lead concentration in well water was estimated to 180 μg L-1. The family was referred to the National Referral Centre for Lead Poisoning in India, were they were received treatment and were informed about the hazards of lead poisoning. A follow up three months later showed a slight decrease in blood lead levels and a significant increase in haemoglobin. These findings can be attributed to behavioural changes adopted by the family, even though they continued producing lead batteries.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Exposure and Hygienic Behaviors of Workers in Sanitary Landfill Areas in Southern Thailand

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somsiri Decharat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead ◽  
The Body ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Blood Cadmium ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Blood Cadmium Levels

Objectives. The main objective of this study was to assess the cadmium and lead exposure levels in subject workers that work in sanitary landfill areas in southern Thailand. The study evaluated the blood cadmium and lead levels in terms of their possible role in worker contamination and transfer of cadmium and lead to the body.Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 114 subjects. Whole blood samples were collected to determine cadmium and lead levels by graphite furnaces atomic absorption spectrometer chromium analyzer.Results and Discussion. The mean blood cadmium levels and blood lead levels of subjects workers were2.95±0.58 μg/L (range 1.58–7.03 μg/L) and8.58±2.58 μg/dL (range 1.98–11.12 μg/dL), respectively. Gender, income, smoked cigarettes, work position, duration of work, personal protective equipment (PPE), and personal hygiene were significantly associated with blood cadmium level and blood lead levels (p<0.001andp<0.001). A multiple regression model was constructed. Significant predictors of blood cadmium levels and blood lead levels included smoked cigarettes, hours worked per day, days worked per week, duration of work (years), work position, use of PPE (mask and gloves), and personal hygiene behavior (ate snacks or drank water at work and washed hands before lunch).Conclusion. The elevated body burden of toxic metals in the solid waste exposure of subject workers is an indication of occupational metal toxicity associated with personal hygiene practices.

scholarly journals The Modifying Factor of Lead Exposure Time with Blood Lead Levels on Adulterated Paint Worker

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diah Lestari ◽  
Angki Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Spearman Test ◽  
The Relationship

The modifying factor for exposure time for paint workers who work more than 8 hours / day have abnormal blood lead levels> 10 μg / dl. Lead exposure to paint workers occurs when mixing paints, mostly through air, skin, through food and drinks. The longer the work, the more the amount of lead exposure received, although the amount of lead absorbed by the body is only small, this metal turns out to be very dangerous and can cause health problems due to the buildup of lead in the body. The presence of lead (Pb) in the blood can cause severe and dangerous effects including interfering with the hematopoietic system, a long exposure can disrupt the gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, immune system, kidneys. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship and closeness of the relationship between the modification factors of exposure time with blood lead levels of adulterated paint workers in the area of East Jakarta. The research method uses primary data through an analytic observational cross-sectional design approach. Sampling is done by non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling techniques. The correlation test used was the Spearman test with a confidence level of 95%. The results of the research found that the average exposure time of adulterated paint workers was 48.9 hours/week exceeding the permissible work time, and the exposure time >40 hours/week was 77.5% of the number of respondents. The average blood lead level was 0.15 mg/L, with the highest blood lead level 0.45 mg/L and workers with exposure times> 40 hours/week obtained blood lead levels exceeding the safe reference limit (40 mg/L) of 19.4%. The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship between duration of exposure and lead level of adulterated paint workers (p-value = 0.029) and shows the moderate closeness of the relationship with the direction of a positive relationship. The value of r = 0.346, means that the longer the person is exposed to lead, the higher the level of lead in the blood of adulterated paint  workers. The discussion of modification factors of exposure time in adulterated paint workers can influence lead exposure continuously, in the long term, absorption of lead in the body 99% which is bound to erythrocytes will accumulate in the blood, then it is distributed into the blood which is 90% binding to cells red blood cells (erythrocytes), and the rest are bound to blood plasma. Once absorbed, the lead will be stored in the blood for 35 days. For 8 hours, a worker can absorb up to 400 μg and add 20 - 30 μg / day from food, drinks, and air. The presence of lead in blood represents a reflection of the dynamic continuity between exposure, absorption, distribution, and excretion, so that it is one indicator to know and follow ongoing exposure. Keywords : Modifying Effect, Exposure Time, Relationship Strength, Blood Lead Levels

scholarly journals Accuracy of lead risk assessment questionnaire in predicting elevated blood lead levels in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Kanimozhi Sadasivam ◽  
Balaji Chinnasami ◽  
Apurva Hariharan ◽  
Balaji Ramraj ◽  
Rahul Saravanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Assessment Questionnaire

Background: Lead toxicity in children is a serious problem affecting their neurodevelopment. Although CDC mandates screening for lead toxicity regularly in children, India doesn’t have any lead related public health program in place. In resource limited India a prescreening lead risk assessment questionnaire will be more economical than universal screening for blood lead levels (BLL). Authors aim to evaluate the accuracy of a validated modified CDC lead risk assessment questionnaire in predicting elevated BLL.Methods: Authors conducted an explorative cross-sectional study from July to August 2017 in 340 children aged 6 months to 6 years. A standardized self-administered questionnaire modified from CDC lead risk assessment questionnaire was administered in the children. Also, BLL were measured in all study subjects using lead care II analyser. Data from questionnaire were compared with BLL to test the accuracy of questionnaire.Results: Blood lead levels was high (>5ug/dl) in 57.9% of study subjects especially in children between 24-35 months. Employment in battery manufacturing companies (P=0.0001), usage of cosmetics (P=0.019), parental smoking history (P=0.001), involvement in painting, arts (P=0.0001) and malnourished children (P=0.018) were the risk factors associated with undesirable BLL. The modified questionnaire had a sensitivity of 87.9% and specificity of 66.7% for detecting elevated BLL.Conclusions: The modified CDC lead risk assessment questionnaire is a sensitive tool in identifying high risk cases of lead toxicity in children.

The UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984-1987: Results for 1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Quinn ◽  
H.T. Delves
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The Department of the Environment (DOE) undertook an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. Blood samples (all venous) were analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts were made to ensure the validity of the analytical results. In 1986, emissions from petrol driven vehicles effectively fell by 60% and air lead concentrations fell by just over 50%. Against the background of a long-term downward trend in blood lead concentrations of 4-5% per year, there were average falls in blood lead in 1986, compared with 1985, of around 1 μg/100 ml (9-10%) for adults in both 'exposed' and 'control' groups; about 2 μg/100 ml (18%) in traffic police; and about 1.5 μg/100 ml (16%) in children. Levels fell in 1986 in all age groups, in all social classes, and in all categories of smoking and drinking habits, age of dwelling and length of residence. Exposure to lead from a number of sources was being reduced simultaneously; blood lead concentrations probably fell in both 1985 and in 1986 for reasons additional to the reduction in the lead content of petrol. For children, petrol lead appeared to have been made a slightly larger contribution to the body burden than for adults.

Toxicology of Industrial Metals — Inorganic Lead

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
Inorganic Lead ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Biologic Monitoring ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Encephalopathy ◽  
Exposure Evaluation

Inorganic lead has widespread use in industry and has resulted in measurable community pollution, due predominantly to the use of leaded fuels. The classical toxic effects of lead, encephalopathy, anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and colic are now rare in the industrial setting. However, recent studies have indicated enzymatic depression, teratogenicity, and behavioral changes at lead exposure levels previously thought safe. Diagnosis of lead toxicity is aided by exposure evaluation through blood lead determinations; toxicity effects even at relatively low levels can be evaluated by measurement of hemoglobin synthesis intermediates. Although mild or asymptomatic cases may not require treatment beyond removal from exposure, more severe cases may require chelation therapy. Biologic monitoring and medical surveillance protocols have been established by OSHA. A blood lead action level of 30 μgm/100 ml is recommended to protect from the enzyme and reproductive effects found at lower blood lead levels.

Investigation of occupational exposure to lead and its relation with blood lead levels in electrical solderers

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mohammadyan ◽  
Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽  
Abasalt Borji ◽  
Narges Khanjani ◽  
Somayeh Rahimi Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels

scholarly journals Blood Lead Levels and Cause-Specific Mortality of Inorganic Lead-Exposed Workers in South Korea

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0140360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Gi Kim ◽  
Jae-Hong Ryoo ◽  
Se-Jin Chang ◽  
Chun-Bae Kim ◽  
Jong-Ku Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Inorganic Lead ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Exposed Workers ◽  
Lead Levels

scholarly journals Evaluation of calcium-fortified municipal water as a public health intervention to mitigate lead burdens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozhgon Rajaee ◽  
Ernest Dubovitskiy ◽  
Victoria C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Calcium Intake ◽  
Lead Absorption ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Lead Levels

Abstract Lead has adverse effects on health, society, and the economy. Lead exposure results in increased blood lead levels and storage in bones. Calcium and lead are competitively absorbed and as such calcium can be used to mitigate the body lead burden. Twenty-eight quantitative research studies were reviewed that examined lead exposure (in blood, bone, or breastmilk) and calcium intake or serum calcium to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fortifying potable water supplies with calcium to mitigate lead absorption or resorption. Eighteen of the studies reported a significant inverse relationship between biomarker lead levels and calcium intake or serum calcium. The relationship was most evident with high calcium intake, suggesting a dose-dependent relationship. An intervention with calcium-fortified water could offer an accessible source of supplemental calcium to help meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and mitigate lead absorption. A concentration of 60 mg-Ca/L can supply 22.0 and 16.3% of a 1,000 mg-Ca RDA for men and women, respectively, at the recommended daily water intake.

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