The UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984-1987: Results for 1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Quinn ◽  
H.T. Delves
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The Department of the Environment (DOE) undertook an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. Blood samples (all venous) were analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts were made to ensure the validity of the analytical results. In 1986, emissions from petrol driven vehicles effectively fell by 60% and air lead concentrations fell by just over 50%. Against the background of a long-term downward trend in blood lead concentrations of 4-5% per year, there were average falls in blood lead in 1986, compared with 1985, of around 1 μg/100 ml (9-10%) for adults in both 'exposed' and 'control' groups; about 2 μg/100 ml (18%) in traffic police; and about 1.5 μg/100 ml (16%) in children. Levels fell in 1986 in all age groups, in all social classes, and in all categories of smoking and drinking habits, age of dwelling and length of residence. Exposure to lead from a number of sources was being reduced simultaneously; blood lead concentrations probably fell in both 1985 and in 1986 for reasons additional to the reduction in the lead content of petrol. For children, petrol lead appeared to have been made a slightly larger contribution to the body burden than for adults.

UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984—1987: Protocol and Results For 1984

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Quinn ◽  
H.T. Delves
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
And Control

The Department of the Environment (DOE) has undertaken an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. The study includes adults living in heavily trafficked urban areas and in occupational groups particularly exposed to petrol lead; children aged 6—7 years attending schools in heavily trafficked urban areas; and control groups of adults and children in rural areas. The surveys are planned to cover about 1500 adults and 1000 children in total each year. Cohorts of adults are being followed, with replacement where necessary owing to moving, etc. For ethical reasons, no child will be sampled more than once, although the schools concerned will be revisited each year; children's blood is also being examined for antibodies to measles and poliomyelitis. Blood samples are being analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts are being made to ensure the validity of the analytical results during the period of the study. Results for 1984 indicated that average blood lead concentrations in both adults and children were generally low and were in line with levels expected on the basis of earlier surveys; only a very small proportion of individuals had raised levels. A detailed statistical analysis has confirmed the results of the EEC Blood Lead Surveys (carried out in 1979—1981) that blood lead concentrations were related to a range of personal, social and environmental factors including age, sex and smoking and drinking habits. Comparisons of any trends during the survey period in blood level concentrations in the exposed and control groups, together with results from the monitoring of sources of environmental lead should enable a broad assessment to be made of the effect of the reduction in petrol lead.

UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984-1987: Results for 1985

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Quinn ◽  
H.T. Delves
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Current Address ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The Department of the Environment (DOE) has undertaken an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1 January 1986. The 2500 participants in the study include adults living in heavily trafficked urban areas and in occupational groups particularly exposed to petrol lead; children aged 6-7 years attending schools in heavily trafficked urban areas; and control groups of adults and children in rural areas. Blood samples (all venous) are being analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts are being made to ensure the validity of the analytical results during the period of the study. Average blood lead concentrations in 1984 and 1985 in both adults and children were generally low and were in line with levels expected on the basis of earlier surveys; only a very small proportion of individuals had raised levels. Detailed statistical analyses have confirmed that blood lead concentrations are related to a range of personal, social and environmental factors including age, sex and smoking and drinking habits. Blood lead levels in the exposed groups of adults and children were on average just under 1 μg/ 100 ml lower in 1985 than in 1984, while overall changes in the police and control groups were smaller; there was, however, considerable variability in the changes in the individual surveys, particularly those of children. Levels fell in all social classes and in both categories of age of dwelling, but changes tended to be less marked in those who were older (particularly for men), smoked more, drank more or had lived for more than 15 years at their current address.

Long-Term Accumulation of Metals in the Skeleton as Related to Osteoporotic Derangements

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (40) ◽  
pp. 6837-6848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Bjorklund ◽  
Lyudmila Pivina ◽  
Maryam Dadar ◽  
Yuliya Semenova ◽  
Salvatore Chirumbolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Accumulation Of Metals ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Total Body

The concentrations of metals in the environment are still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in various countries because of human activities. They can enter the food chain and bioaccumulate in soft and hard tissues/organs, often with a long half-life of the metal in the body. Metal exposure has a negative impact on bone health and may result in osteoporosis and increased fracture risk depending on concentration and duration of metal exposure and metal species. Bones are a long-term repository for lead and some other metals, and may approximately contain 90% of the total body burden in birds and mammals. The present review focuses on the most common metals found in contaminated areas (mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, iron, and aluminum) and their effects on bone tissue, considering the possibility of the long-term bone accumulation, and also some differences that might exist between different age groups in the whole population.

GA: Armani’s Giorgio Armani

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brooker ◽  
Margaret Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Shop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Haute Couture ◽  
Fashion Designer ◽  
The Body Shop ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Career Woman

The Armani high-fashion example illustrates the importance of adaptive rational methods in his founding and developing of an iconic high-fashion firm. Armani adapted stylistically to fashion’s new times in the 1970–80s by creating a new style catering for the career woman. His stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another famous Italian fashion designer, Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion and created a succession of glamourous styles. Both leaders exploited the same opportunity but in different ways. The third section compares these leaders’ legacies in the 1990s–2000s and assesses from a long-term perspective how capably they had used adaptive rational methods. The final section shifts the focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to the UK. Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s–80s. However, she then abandoned rational methods with dire results for her corporation in the 1990s.

scholarly journals Human Body Burden of Heavy Metals and Health Consequences of Pb Exposure in Guiyu, an E-Waste Recycling Town in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12428
Author(s):  
Wenlong Huang ◽  
Xiaoling Shi ◽  
Kusheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pb Exposure

Guiyu accommodates millions of tons of e-waste from overseas and domestic sources each year and is notorious for its e-waste dismantling industry. As a consequence, Guiyu has been described as “the world’s most toxic place” and “junk town”. Informal e-waste recycling activities have caused severe pollution to the local environment and are associated with extensive health problems to the residents. This review provides updated insights on the body burden of heavy metals derived from e-waste and health outcomes resulted from lead (Pb) exposure. The review identified that Guiyu has been highly contaminated by heavy metals, especially Pb. Excessive exposure to Pb has been associated with multi-system and long-term effects in neonates and children, covering nervous, cardiovascular, adaptive immune, and hematologic systems as well as chromosome and DNA damage. Our review indicates strong associations that emphasize the need to develop strong regulations for prevention of exposure and health consequences in Guiyu and similar sites around the world.

Transplacental Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies in Rats with Hexamethylenetetramine

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Della Porta ◽  
José R. Cabral ◽  
Giorgio Parmiani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
And Control

In a previous paper (Fd Cosmet. Toxicol., 6: 707–715, 1968) it was reported that hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) had no carcinogenic activity in long-term experiments in mice and rats. In the present study, 12 ♀ and 6 ♂ Wistar rats were given 1% HMT in the drinking water starting 2 weeks before mating. The females were kept under treatment during pregnancy and lactation. A similar untreated group of 12 ♀ and 6 ♂ served as control. Twelve treated females and eleven controls became pregnant and gave birth to 124 and 118 babies respectively; no malformations were noted. From these animals, 24 for each sex were continued on the 1% HMT up to the 20th week of age or were kept untreated. The body weight of treated animals was significantly lower than that of controls one, only up to the 9th week of age for the males and up to the 13th week for the females. At the end of the treatment both groups were sacrificed; the weight of organs was identical in the treated and control animals; there were no gross or histological pathology. In a second experiment, rats were given 1% HMT in the drinking water for 3 successive generations, up to the age of 40 weeks in the F1 and F2 groups and of 20 weeks for F3. The three groups were composed of 13 ♂ and 7 ♀, 15 ♂ and 11 ♀, 12 ♂ and 12 ♂, respectively. In addition, a group of 16 ♂ and 16 ♀ descendants of 2% HMT treated parents, were given 2% HMT for 50 weeks. A group of 48 ♂ and 48 ♀ served as untreated controls. All groups were kept under observation for over 2 years of age. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in any of the HMT-treated groups.

Risks in the built environment

1981 ◽  
Vol 376 (1764) ◽  
pp. 151-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Transport Accidents

There are good statistics for deaths in transport accidents, fires, and from accidents in the home in Great Britain, and considerable (but less comprehensive) information about injuries and material damage. Information about the causes of these events is much more scanty, and little is known about the long-term effects of accidental injury. The available data are reviewed and the nature, magnitude and frequency of various kinds of risks are analysed for different age groups and in relation to environmental and other factors. The contribution of ‘volun­tary’ actions (notably alcohol and smoking) is assessed. Finally, the extent to which both actual and perceived risk can be modified by education, engineering (modifying the design of roads, vehicles, aircraft, homes and fittings), and the enforcement of regulations and control systems is evaluated. While costs cannot easily be measured, false perceptions of risk can lead to wasteful investment, and education and information are essential if resources are to be deployed where they will do most good.

Exposure of Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Flint ◽  
Margaret R. Petersen ◽  
J. Barry Grand
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Diving Ducks ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Lead Levels

Lead poisoning, resulting from ingestion of spent shot, has been identified as a cause of mortality in Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We examined lead-exposure rates of adult and juvenile Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry of blood samples. Additionally, we X-rayed birds in the field to identify ingested shot. We detected shot in the gizzards of 11.6% of Spectacled Eiders X-rayed. During the period from arrival through incubation, 13.0% of adult females and 6.6% of adult males had elevated blood lead levels when captured. During the brood-rearing period, 35.8% of adult females and 12.2% of ducklings were exposed to lead when captured. There was an increase in the probability of exposure of adult females with date sampled. We predict that 50% of the successfully breeding hens were likely exposed to lead, and 25–37% of the Spectacled Eider breeding population was exposed to lead. The long-term effects of sublethal doses on Spectacled Eiders are unknown; however, exposure of nesting females and young birds to lead may result in reduced over-winter survival and (or) reduced fecundity.

The Employment of Migrant Workers in Long-Term Care: Dynamics of Choice and Control

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABEL SHUTES
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Home Care Providers ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe employment of migrant workers in long-term care is increasingly evident across western welfare states. This article examines the ways in which immigration controls shape the exercising of choice and control by migrant care workers over their labour. It draws on the findings of in-depth interviews with migrant care workers employed by residential and home care providers and by older people and their families in the UK. It is argued that the differential rights accorded to migrants on the basis of citizenship and immigration status shape, first, entry into particular types of care work, second, powers of ‘exit’ within work, and, third, ‘voice’ regarding the conditions under which care labour is provided.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF LEAD CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT DRIVERS IN BANDUNG REGENCY, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (36) ◽  
pp. 598-607
Author(s):  
Farhan BAEHAKI ◽  
Gita Nur FAJRIANI ◽  
Ani HAERANI ◽  
Suci Rizki Nurul AENI ◽  
Ayu Yunita SARI
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
West Java

As industrial and transportation activities in Bandung Regency are growing rapidly, Indonesia could be at risk of increasing air pollution levels. One of the air pollutants that are very harmful to the body is lead (Pb) generated from industrial activities, mining, vehicle exhaust gas, and dust from the ground. Lead is a heavy metal that is very dangerous for the body because it is carcinogenic with its activity character as an inhibitor in cell metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of lead in the blood of public transport drivers who are active on the highway every day and are most at risk of being exposed to Pb. Measurement of Pb concentration was carried out using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Blood samples were taken from public transport drivers at Soreang Terminal, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The analysis results showed that the average blood lead content of public transport drivers was 1,032 mg/L. The lowest level was 0.889 mg/L, and the highest was 1,200 mg/L. This shows that the lead content in the blood of public transport drivers is already in excess levels (range numbers 0.800-1.200 mg/L) when compared with the threshold for lead in the blood based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia (0.10 - 0.25 mg/L) and the threshold value set by the World Health Organization, which is 0.4 mg/L.

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