A Study of Moving Base Simulation Motion Cues Utilizing Washout Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Mark Kirkpatrick ◽  
Nicholas Shields ◽  
Ronald Brye ◽  
Frank L. Vinz
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Psychophysical Method ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Moving Base

The present study was conducted to derive data on non-visual motion thresholds utilizing washout technique, and to develop specific threshold values for use as washout parameters. It describes the results of acceleration detection studies carried out using the NASA MSFC General Purpose Simulator which provides six degree-of-freedom cab motion. A series of experiments was performed to test the hypothesis that constant velocity visual cues might suppress non-visual deceleration sensitivity. The psychophysical method employed was the forced-choice procedure which theoretically yields a pure sensitivity measure. The MSFC General Purpose Simulator was programmed to provide velocity ramps in three axes – pitch, fore–aft translation, and vertical translation. Data were collected with and without a constant velocity visual input. Comparison of the current results with classical data suggested significantly greater sensitivity of the human observer to fore-aft accelerations than has generally been reported, sensitivity tending to depend on motion direction and sign of velocity change.

scholarly journals Motion Direction Discrimination with Tactile Random-Dot Kinematograms

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166952110046
Author(s):  
Scinob Kuroki ◽  
Shin’ya Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Motion Detection ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
High Level

Motion detection is a fundamental sensory function for multiple modalities, including touch, but the mechanisms underlying tactile motion detection are not well understood. While previous findings supported the existence of high-level feature tracking, it remains unclear whether there also exist low-level motion sensing that directly detects a local spatio-temporal correlation in the skin-stimulation pattern. To elucidate this mechanism, we presented, on braille displays, tactile random-dot kinematograms, similar to those widely used in visual motion research, which enables us to independently manipulate feature trackability and various parameters of local motion. We found that a human observer is able to detect the direction of difficult-to-track tactile motions presented to the fingers and palms. In addition, the direction-discrimination performance was better when the stimuli were presented along the fingers than when presented across the fingers. These results indicate that low-level motion sensing, in addition to high-level tracking, contribute to tactile motion perception.

scholarly journals Action detection using a neural network elucidates the genetics of mouse grooming behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Q. Geuther ◽  
Asaf Peer ◽  
Hao He ◽  
Gautam Sabnis ◽  
Vivek M. Philip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Stereotyped Behavior ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Grooming Behavior ◽  
Action Detection ◽  
Visual Diversity

AbstractAutomated detection of complex animal behaviors remains a challenging problem in neuroscience, particularly for behaviors that consist of disparate sequential motions. Grooming, a prototypical stereotyped behavior, is often used as an endophenotype in psychiatric genetics. Using mouse grooming behavior as an example, we develop a general purpose neural network architecture capable of dynamic action detection at human observer-level performance and operate across dozens of mouse strains with high visual diversity. We provide insights into the amount of human annotated training data that are needed to achieve such performance. We survey grooming behavior in the open field in 2500 mice across 62 strains, determine its heritable components, conduct GWAS to outline its genetic architecture, and perform PheWAS to link human psychiatric traits through shared underlying genetics. Our general machine learning solution that automatically classifies complex behaviors in large datasets will facilitate systematic studies of mechanisms underlying these behaviors.

scholarly journals Neural selectivity for visual motion in macaque area V3A

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nardin Nakhla ◽  
Yavar Korkian ◽  
Matthew R. Krause ◽  
Christopher C. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Motion Direction

AbstractThe processing of visual motion is carried out by dedicated pathways in the primate brain. These pathways originate with populations of direction-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex, which project to dorsal structures like the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. Anatomical and imaging studies have suggested that area V3A might also be specialized for motion processing, but there have been very few studies of single-neuron direction selectivity in this area. We have therefore performed electrophysiological recordings from V3A neurons in two macaque monkeys (one male and one female) and measured responses to a large battery of motion stimuli that includes translation motion, as well as more complex optic flow patterns. For comparison, we simultaneously recorded the responses of MT neurons to the same stimuli. Surprisingly, we find that overall levels of direction selectivity are similar in V3A and MT and moreover that the population of V3A neurons exhibits somewhat greater selectivity for optic flow patterns. These results suggest that V3A should be considered as part of the motion processing machinery of the visual cortex, in both human and non-human primates.Significance statementAlthough area V3A is frequently the target of anatomy and imaging studies, little is known about its functional role in processing visual stimuli. Its contribution to motion processing has been particularly unclear, with different studies yielding different conclusions. We report a detailed study of direction selectivity in V3A. Our results show that single V3A neurons are, on average, as capable of representing motion direction as are neurons in well-known structures like MT. Moreover, we identify a possible specialization for V3A neurons in representing complex optic flow, which has previously been thought to emerge in higher-order brain regions. Thus it appears that V3A is well-suited to a functional role in motion processing.

Tactile and visual motion direction processing in hMT+/V5

NeuroImage ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 420-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca M. van Kemenade ◽  
Kiley Seymour ◽  
Evelin Wacker ◽  
Bernhard Spitzer ◽  
Felix Blankenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Direction

scholarly journals The effect of target speed on perception of visual motion direction in a patient with akinetopsia

Cortex ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 511-518
Author(s):  
Joost Heutink ◽  
Gera de Haan ◽  
Jan-Bernard Marsman ◽  
Mart van Dijk ◽  
Christina Cordes
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Target Speed

Human Updating of Visual Motion Direction During Head Rotations

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2558-2576
Author(s):  
Mario Ruiz-Ruiz ◽  
Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Spatial Updating ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
Head Rotations ◽  
Stimulus Direction

Previous studies have demonstrated that human subjects update the location of visual targets for saccades after head and body movements and in the absence of visual feedback. This phenomenon is known as spatial updating. Here we investigated whether a similar mechanism exists for the perception of motion direction. We recorded eye positions in three dimensions and behavioral responses in seven subjects during a motion task in two different conditions: when the subject's head remained stationary and when subjects rotated their heads around an anteroposterior axis (head tilt). We demonstrated that after head-tilt subjects updated the direction of saccades made in the perceived stimulus direction (direction of motion updating), the amount of updating varied across subjects and stimulus directions, the amount of motion direction updating was highly correlated with the amount of spatial updating during a memory-guided saccade task, subjects updated the stimulus direction during a two-alternative forced-choice direction discrimination task in the absence of saccadic eye movements (perceptual updating), perceptual updating was more accurate than motion direction updating involving saccades, and subjects updated motion direction similarly during active and passive head rotation. These results demonstrate the existence of an updating mechanism for the perception of motion direction in the human brain that operates during active and passive head rotations and that resembles the one of spatial updating. Such a mechanism operates during different tasks involving different motor and perceptual skills (saccade and motion direction discrimination) with different degrees of accuracy.

Forced Response of a SDOF Friction Oscillator Colliding With a Hysteretic Obstacle

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Andreaus ◽  
Paolo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Moving Base ◽  
Friction Oscillator ◽  
Sample Application ◽  
Made In

Abstract The forced dynamics of non-smooth oscillators have not yet been sufficiently investigated, when damping is simultaneously due to friction and impact. Because of the theoretical and practical interest of this type of systems, an effort is made in this paper to lighten the behaviour of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator colliding with a hysteretic obstacle and excited by an harmonic driving force and by a moving base with constant velocity. A friction-contact model has been proposed which allows simulating an exponential velocity-dependent friction law, and a deformable (hysteretic) obstacle. This model has been numerically tested via a sample application.

On the Design of a Portable Force Illusion Device for Navigation Aids

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobus W. M. Wever ◽  
Clement Gosselin ◽  
Just L. Herder
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Force Profile ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Synthesis Procedure ◽  
Brute Force Approach

Navigation aids rely mostly on (audio)visual cues when it comes to communication with the user. An alternative and more intuitive communication modality may be provided by means of haptic guidance generated by a portable mechatronic device. Especially visually impaired and blind people may benefit from a device that generates the illusion of an external force; it may possibly eliminate the need for a guide dog. This paper investigates constant-velocity crank-driven mechanisms which are able to generate such a force illusion by means of a reciprocating mass. The focus of this paper is on the generation of the illusion itself rather than manipulating the direction of this force. The force illusion is a result of successive positive and negative reaction forces with unequal amplitude, generated by a reciprocating mass. The acceleration ratio of the mass is selected as the main evaluation criterion for comparing different types of candidate mechanisms. Because the input is a simple motor rotating at a constant velocity, the synthesis of the mechanism is key to generating proper acceleration profiles. A brute-force approach is used for the synthesis procedure, i.e., characteristic distances and link lengths are varied with steps of 1mm for each of the candidate mechanisms, thereby generating very large numbers of variants. Kinematic performance reveal typical acceleration ratios in the range of 1 to 19; where a ratio of one does not result in a force illusion while a ratio of 19 might be demanding on the physical design. An objective evaluation leads to selecting the Square Recti-Linear mechanism as the overall most promising candidate mechanism. A prototype of this mechanism is then presented to demonstrate the working principle. The shape of the prototype’s force profile over time is measured experimentally and is shown to be very similar to the profile obtained by simulation. The reciprocating mass accounts for almost one fifth of the total mass of the prototype, resulting in a strong force illusion in comparison with gravitational forces.

Linking Neuronal Direction Selectivity to Perceptual Decisions About Visual Motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-362
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pasternak ◽  
Duje Tadin
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Selective Activity

Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies of responses to visual motion have converged on a consistent set of general principles that characterize visual processing of motion information. Both types of approaches have shown that the direction and speed of target motion are among the most important encoded stimulus properties, revealing many parallels between psychophysical and physiological responses to motion. Motivated by these parallels, this review focuses largely on more direct links between the key feature of the neuronal response to motion, direction selectivity, and its utilization in memory-guided perceptual decisions. These links were established during neuronal recordings in monkeys performing direction discriminations, but also by examining perceptual effects of widespread elimination of cortical direction selectivity produced by motion deprivation during development. Other approaches, such as microstimulation and lesions, have documented the importance of direction-selective activity in the areas that are active during memory-guided direction comparisons, area MT and the prefrontal cortex, revealing their likely interactions during behavioral tasks.

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