A Lead-Lag Compensation Approach to Display/Control Gain for Touch Tablets

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Becker ◽  
Joel S. Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Acquisition Rate ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
Control Gain ◽  
Compensation Approach ◽  
Display Control ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Lag Compensation

The display/control gain exhibited by a continuous control system strongly affects the human's ability to quickly and accurately operate the system. The primary objectives of this research were to develop and optimize a variable D/C gain that improves human performance with touch tablets. This variable gain moderates the speed-accuracy trade-off problem associated with traditional D/C gains. Empirical results indicate that a lead-lag compensator increased the target acquisition rate relative to a traditional D/C gain system. Error rates were low with both systems, but were greater with lead-lag compensation than in an uncompensated system. Tablet size did not appear to significantly affect performance.

Applying Engineering Models of Human Behavior to Space Flight Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 2023-2027
Author(s):  
Alonso H. Vera ◽  
Richard Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
High Level ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Most complex human-device interactions that arise in realistic applied settings are heterogeneous along several dimensions that significantly restrict the scope and effectiveness of traditional modeling tools. In particular, different subcomponents of the same overall task may vary significantly with respect to practice level and speed-accuracy tradeoffs. The goal of this paper is to lay out the path toward a set of technologies and underlying psychological theory that will permit rapid modeling of such heterogeneous tasks, and therefore rapid evaluation of proposed interface and task structure designs. It will be critical to make progress toward the goal in three specific ways: (1) Development of simple, high-level languages that permit the rapid specification of new tasks composed hierarchically from existing task and cognitive architectural building blocks; (2) Development of the technology and underlying psychological theory that will permit the system engineers to specify the degree of learning or skill associated with separate subcomponents of the overall task, and derive the behavioral consequences of those skill assumptions without simulating the learning process itself; and (3) Develop the technology and theory that will permit the system designers and engineers to specify speed-accuracy tradeoffs separately for subcomponents of the overall task, and derive the behavioral consequences of those assumptions in concert with the skill assumptions. The outcome of such efforts will support the development of modeling tools and design guidelines for mission systems based on common skill sets and allow prediction of learning and performance time for such systems. Directly supporting two central Human-Systems Integration themes, this paper will focus on modeling tools and models needed to support prediction of degrading human performance over the duration of reference missions toward informing the design of systems to mitigate these effects.

Evaluation of Algorithms for Combining Independent Data Sets in a Human Performance Expert System

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 811-814
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Gawron ◽  
David J. Travale ◽  
Colin Drury ◽  
Sara Czaja
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Independent Variables

A major problem facing system designers today is predicting human performance in: 1) systems that have not yet been built, 2) situations that have not yet been experienced, and 3) situations for which there are only anecdotal reports. To address this problem, the Human Performance Expert System (Human) was designed. The system contains a large data base of equations derived from human performance research reported in the open literature. Human accesses these data to predict task performance times, task completion probabilities, and error rates. A problem was encountered when multiple independent data sets were relevant to one task. For example, a designer is interested in the effects of luminance and front size on number of reading errors. Two data sets exist in the literature: one examining the effects of luminance, the other, font size. The data in the two sets were collected at different locations with different subjects and at different times in history. How can the two data sets be combined to address the designer's problem? Four combining algorithms were developed and then tested in two steps. In step one, two reaction-time experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the effect the number of alternatives on reaction time; the second, signals per minute and number of displays being monitored. The four algorithms were used on the data from these two experiments to predict reaction time in the situation where all three independent variables are manipulated simultaneously. In step two of the test procedure, a third experiment was conducted. Subjects who had not participated in either Experiment One or Two performed a reaction-time task under the combined effects of all three independent variables. The predictions made from step one were compared to the actual empirical data collected in step two. The results of these comparisons are presented.

Primate Antisaccades. I. Behavioral Characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Amador ◽  
Madeleine Schlag-Rey ◽  
John Schlag
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frontal Lobe Lesions ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Central Fixation

Amador, Nelly, Madeleine Schlag-Rey, and John Schlag. Primate antisaccades. I. Behavioral characteristics. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1775–1786, 1998. The antisaccade task requires a subject to make a saccade to an unmarked location opposite to a flashed stimulus. This task was originally designed to study saccades made to a goal specified by instructions. Interest for this paradigm surged after the discovery that frontal lobe lesions specifically and severely affect human performance of antisaccades while prosaccades (i.e., saccades directed to the visual stimulus) are facilitated. Training monkeys to perform antisaccades was rarely attempted in the past, and this study is the first one that describes in detail the properties of such antisaccades compared with randomly intermingled prosaccades of varying amplitude in all directions. Such randomization was found essential to force the monkeys to use the instruction cue (pro- or anti-) and the location cue (peripheral stimulus) provided within a trial rather than to direct their saccades to the location of past rewards. Each trial began with the onset of a central fixation target that conveyed by its shape the instruction to make a pro- or an antisaccade to a subsequent peripheral stimulus. In one version of the task, the monkey was allowed to make an immediate saccade to the goal; in a second version, the saccade had to wait for a go signal. Analyses of the accuracy, velocity, and latency of antisaccades compared with prosaccades were performed on a sample of 7,430 pro-/antisaccades in the “immediate saccade” task (delayed saccades suffering from known distortions). Error rates fluctuated ∼25%. Results were the same for the two monkeys with respect to accuracy and velocity, but they differed in terms of reaction time. Both monkeys generated antisaccades to stimuli in all directions, at various eccentricities, but antisaccades were significantly less accurate and slower than prosaccades elicited by the same stimuli. Interestingly, saccades to the stimulus could be followed by appropriate antisaccades with no intersaccadic interval. Such instances are here referred to as “turnaround saccades.” Because they occurred sometimes with a long latency, turnaround saccades did not simply reflect the cancellation of an early foveation reflex. Consistent with human data, latencies of one monkey were longer for antisaccades than for prosaccades, but the reverse was true for the other monkey who was trained differently. In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of providing a subhuman primate model of antisaccade performance, but at the same time it suggests some irreducible differences between human and monkey performance.

An Evaluation of Display/Control Gain

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Y. Arnaut ◽  
Joel S. Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Control Input ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Acquisition Performance ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Control Gain ◽  
Display Control

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the adequacy of identifying the optimum display/control gain for an interface as a method of control-display interface optimization. The first study examined the effects of changes in both the maximum control input and the display width on target acquisition performance with a touch tablet and a trackball. The second study evaluated the effects of changes in the display amplitude, the display target width, and the control amplitude. Results from both studies indicate that gain is an insufficient specification for performance. In addition, the inadequacy of Fitts' Law in this context is discussed.

Assessment of a Novel Chat Messaging Interface for Rapid Communication in Tactical Command and Control

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (18) ◽  
pp. 1163-1167
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Knott ◽  
W. Todd Nelson ◽  
Rebecca D. Brown ◽  
Allen W. Dukes ◽  
Robert S. Bolia
Keyword(s):  
Full Text ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Text Chat ◽  
Military Command ◽  
And Control ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Two experiments explored speed of communication when transmitting and receiving chat messages in different formats for a military command and control (C2) task. In Experiment 1, participants were prompted with a tactical display and responded by composing chat messages with an appropriate command. Speed, accuracy, and subjective workload were compared for three chat messaging formats: 1) full-text; 2) abbreviated text; or 3) click-chat. Writing full-text messages took longer, resulted in more typing errors and higher workload ratings than abbreviated text or click-chat. Although there was no difference in response times between abbreviated and click-chat messaging, the abbreviated chat yielded higher error rates. A translation delay was evidenced by slower initial response times for abbreviations and click-chat compared to full-text. However, faster message completion, once initiated, compensated for this delay resulting in faster communication overall. Experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no difference in the speed, accuracy, or workload for completing commanded actions when receiving abbreviated compared to full-text chat messages

A Comparison of Five User Interface Devices Designed for Point-of-Sale in the Retail Industry

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S. Wilson ◽  
Michael Inderrieden Steven Liu
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Retail Industry ◽  
Basic Point ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Touch Screens ◽  
Interface Devices

Although human performance on keyboards, pointing devices, and touch screens in the desktop environment has been studied and reported to the extent that the results can be used to determine productivity rates from those devices, little research has been conducted on devices used in controlled environments, like that of point-of-sale in the retail industry. While previous devices available for user interaction in this environment have been 2×20 displays and industry specific keyboards, current technology has moved the industry to implement CRTs, LCDs, full keyboards, touch screens and uniquely designed devices like the NCR DynaKey, an integrated LCD, keypad and dynamically assignable function keys. A full understanding of human performance on these devices was required to aid retailers in cost justifying their investment in them. Laboratory research was conducted to compare performance of basic point-of-sale tasks on a CRT with 56-key keyboard, 3 versions of an LCD touch screen, and the NCR DynaKey. Participants performed keying tasks, item modification tasks, a combination of item modification and scanning, and the same combination of item modification and scanning with a secondary monitoring task imposed. Time and error rates showed significant differences among the user interface devices for each of the task requirements in this research. Overall, mechanically keyed numeric entry was superior to touch screen numeric entry, mechanical keys were more advantageous with increased skill levels, and the integration of input mechanism and display as well as direct mapping between input and display enhanced performance.

Application of Fitts' Law to Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Gump ◽  
Miriam Legare ◽  
Deborah L. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Subject Group ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Cerebral palsy is a condition that results in motor abnormalities as a direct consequence of injury to the developing brain. Fitts' law, which describes a speed-accuracy tradeoff in visually guided movements, has been shown to characterize the motor behavior of normal subjects during aiming tasks. To assess whether Fitts' law can also describe the aimed movements of persons with cerebral palsy, eight cerebral palsied adults participated in an aimed movement study. 12 targets were used with Indices of Difficulty ranging from 2.19 to 6.00 bits. The impact of Gan and Hoffmann's 1988 ballistic movement factor, A, and Fitts' 1954 Index of Difficulty on subject's movement and reaction times was examined using multivariate linear models. The analysis of the full data set yielded a significant effect of A on movement times and no significant adherence to Fitts' law. However, high error rates that could be the result of oculomotor problems among the subject group were noted, and the method of handling errors had a large effect on the results. Tracking eye position during a Fitts' law task would provide information regarding the effect of oculomotor difficulties on aiming tasks in the cerebral palsied subject group.

scholarly journals Assessing the potential for deep learning and computer vision to identify bumble bee species from images

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Spiesman ◽  
Claudio Gratton ◽  
Richard G. Hatfield ◽  
William H. Hsu ◽  
Sarina Jepsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Automated Identification ◽  
Speed Accuracy

AbstractPollinators are undergoing a global decline. Although vital to pollinator conservation and ecological research, species-level identification is expensive, time consuming, and requires specialized taxonomic training. However, deep learning and computer vision are providing ways to open this methodological bottleneck through automated identification from images. Focusing on bumble bees, we compare four convolutional neural network classification models to evaluate prediction speed, accuracy, and the potential of this technology for automated bee identification. We gathered over 89,000 images of bumble bees, representing 36 species in North America, to train the ResNet, Wide ResNet, InceptionV3, and MnasNet models. Among these models, InceptionV3 presented a good balance of accuracy (91.6%) and average speed (3.34 ms). Species-level error rates were generally smaller for species represented by more training images. However, error rates also depended on the level of morphological variability among individuals within a species and similarity to other species. Continued development of this technology for automatic species identification and monitoring has the potential to be transformative for the fields of ecology and conservation. To this end, we present BeeMachine, a web application that allows anyone to use our classification model to identify bumble bees in their own images.

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