EXPRESS: Remembering spatial words: Sensorimotor simulation affects verbal recognition memory

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110590
Author(s):  
Alper Kumcu ◽  
Robin L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Probe Word ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Verbal Recognition ◽  
Spatial Associations ◽  
Spatial Interference

Previous evidence shows that words with implicit spatial meaning or metaphorical spatial associations are perceptually simulated and can guide attention to associated locations (e.g., bird – upward location). In turn, simulated representations interfere with visual perception at an associated location. The present study investigates the effect of spatial associations on short-term verbal recognition memory to disambiguate between modal and amodal accounts of spatial interference effects across two experiments. Participants in both experiments encoded words presented in congruent and incongruent locations. Congruent and incongruent locations were based on an independent norming task. In Experiment 1, an auditorily presented word probed participants’ memory as they were visually cued to either the original location of the probe word or a diagonal location at retrieval. In Experiment 2, there was no cue at retrieval but a neutral encoding condition in which words normed to central locations were shown. Results show that spatial associations affected memory performance although spatial information was neither relevant nor necessary for successful retrieval: Words in Experiment 1 were retrieved more accurately when there was a visual cue in the congruent location at retrieval but only if they were encoded in a non-canonical position. A visual cue in the congruent location slowed down memory performance when retrieving highly imageable words. With no cue at retrieval (Experiment 2), participants were better at remembering spatially congruent words as opposed to neutral words. Results provide evidence in support of sensorimotor simulation in verbal memory and a perceptual competition account of spatial interference effect.

scholarly journals Using space to remember: Short-term spatial structure spontaneously improves working memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Yousif ◽  
Monica D. Rosenberg ◽  
Frank Keil
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spatial Associations ◽  
Phone Number ◽  
Memory Improvement ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Spatial information plays an important role in how we remember. In general, there are two (non mutually exclusive) views regarding the role that space plays in memory. One view is that objects overlapping in space interfere with each other in memory. For example, objects presented in the same location (at different points in time) are more frequently confused with one another than objects that are not. Another view is that spatial information can ‘bootstrap’ other kinds of information. For example, remembering a phone number is easier one can see the arrangement of a keypad. Here, building on both views, we test the hypothesis that task-irrelevant spatial structure (i.e., objects appearing in stable locations over repeated iterations) improves working memory. Across 7 experiments, we demonstrate that (1) irrelevant spatial structure improves memory for sequences of objects; (2) this effect does not depend on long-term spatial associations; (3) this effect is unique to space (as opposed to features like color); and (4) spatial structure can be teased apart from spatial interference, and the former drives memory improvement. We discuss how these findings challenge and extend both ‘spatial interference’ and ‘visuospatial bootstrapping’ accounts.

scholarly journals Acute effects of naturalistic THC vs. CBD use on recognition memory: a preliminary study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Curran ◽  
Hélène Devillez ◽  
Sophie L. YorkWilliams ◽  
L. Cinnamon Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Verbal Recognition ◽  
Memory Accuracy

Abstract The ratio of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) varies widely across cannabis strains. CBD has opposite effects to THC on a variety of cognitive functions, including acute THC-induced memory impairments. However, additional data are needed, especially under naturalistic conditions with higher potency forms of cannabis, commonly available in legal markets. The goal of this study was to collect preliminary data on the acute effects of different THC:CBD ratios on memory testing in a brief verbal recognition task under naturalistic conditions, using legal-market Colorado dispensary products. Thirty-two regular cannabis users consumed cannabis of differing THC and CBD levels purchased from a dispensary and were assessed via blood draw and a verbal recognition memory test both before (pretest) and after (posttest) ad libitum home administration in a mobile laboratory. Memory accuracy decreased as post-use THC blood levels increased (n = 29), whereas performance showed no relationship to CBD blood levels. When controlling for post-use THC blood levels as a covariate, participants using primarily THC-based strains showed significantly worse memory accuracy post-use, whereas subjects using strains containing both THC and CBD showed no differences between pre- and post-use memory performance. Using a brief and sensitive verbal recognition task, our study demonstrated that naturalistic, acute THC use impairs memory in a dose dependent manner, whereas the combination of CBD and THC was not associated with impairment.

scholarly journals Persistent Spatial Information in the FEF during Object-based Short-term Memory Does Not Contribute to Task Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1292-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L. Clark ◽  
Behrad Noudoost ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Saccade Task

We previously reported the existence of a persistent spatial signal in the FEF during object-based STM. This persistent activity reflected the location at which the sample appeared, irrespective of the location of upcoming targets. We hypothesized that such a spatial signal could be used to maintain or enhance object-selective memory activity elsewhere in cortex, analogous to the role of a spatial signal during attention. Here, we inactivated a portion of the FEF with GABAa agonist muscimol to test whether the observed activity contributes to object memory performance. We found that, although RTs were slowed for saccades into the inactivated portion of retinotopic space, performance for samples appearing in that region was unimpaired. This contrasts with the devastating effects of the same FEF inactivation on purely spatial working memory, as assessed with the memory-guided saccade task. Thus, in a task in which a significant fraction of FEF neurons displayed persistent, sample location-based activity, disrupting this activity had no impact on task performance.

scholarly journals Hippocampal 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol Signaling Regulates Time-of-Day- and Stress-Dependent Effects on Rat Short-Term Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7316
Author(s):  
Alessia Santori ◽  
Maria Morena ◽  
Matthew N. Hill ◽  
Patrizia Campolongo
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Stress Dependent ◽  
Arachidonoyl Glycerol

Background: Cannabinoids induce biphasic effects on memory depending on stress levels. We previously demonstrated that different stress intensities, experienced soon after encoding, impaired rat short-term recognition memory in a time-of-day-dependent manner, and that boosting endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) levels restored memory performance. Here, we examined if two different stress intensities and time-of-day alter hippocampal endocannabinoid tone, and whether these changes modulate short-term memory. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an object recognition task and exposed, at two different times of the day (i.e., morning or afternoon), to low or high stress conditions, immediately after encoding. Memory retention was assessed 1 hr later. Hippocampal AEA and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) content and the activity of their primary degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), were measured soon after testing. Results: Consistent with our previous findings, low stress impaired 1-hr memory performance only in the morning, whereas exposure to high stress impaired memory independently of testing time. Stress exposure decreased AEA levels independently of memory alterations. Interestingly, exposure to high stress decreased 2-AG content and, accordingly, increased MAGL activity, selectively in the afternoon. Thus, to further evaluate 2-AG’s role in the modulation of short-term recognition memory, rats were given bilateral intra-hippocampal injections of the 2-AG hydrolysis inhibitor KML29 immediately after training, then subjected to low or high stress conditions and tested 1 hr later. Conclusions: KML29 abolished the time-of-day-dependent impairing effects of stress on short-term memory, ameliorating short-term recognition memory performance.

Verbal Recognition Memory Performance in Unilateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Seidenberg ◽  
B. Hermann ◽  
A. Haltiner ◽  
A. Wyler
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory Performance

scholarly journals The Potential of Invasive and Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation To Improve Verbal Memory Performance in Epilepsy Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Mertens ◽  
Stefanie Gadeyne ◽  
Emma Lescrauwaet ◽  
Evelien Carrette ◽  
Alfred Meurs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Delayed Recognition

Abstract Introduction: It has been demonstrated that acute vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves word recognition memory in epilepsy patients. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained interest as a non-invasive alternative to improve cognition. In this prospective randomized cross-over study, we investigated the effect of both invasive VNS and taVNS on verbal memory performance in 15 drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Methods All patients conducted a word recognition memory paradigm in 3 conditions: VNS ON, VNS OFF and taVNS. For each condition, patients memorized 21 highlighted words from text paragraphs. Afterwards, the intervention was delivered for 30 s. Immediate recall and delayed recognition scores were obtained for each condition. This memory paradigm was repeated after 6 weeks of VNS therapy in 2 conditions: VNS ON and VNS OFF. Results Acute VNS and taVNS did not improve verbal memory performance. Immediate recall and delayed recognition scores were significantly improved after 6 weeks of VNS treatment irrespective of the acute intervention. Conclusion The previously described positive effects of invasive VNS on verbal memory performance could not be replicated with invasive VNS and taVNS. An improved verbal memory performance was seen after 6 weeks of VNS treatment, suggesting that longer and more repetitive stimulation of the vagal pathway is required to modulate verbal memory performance.

scholarly journals Verbal Short-Term Memory Disturbance in the Primary Progressive Aphasias: Challenges and Distinctions in a Clinical Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1060
Author(s):  
David Foxe ◽  
Sau Chi Cheung ◽  
Nicholas J. Cordato ◽  
James R. Burrell ◽  
Rebekah M. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Case Vignettes

Impaired verbal ‘phonological’ short-term memory is considered a cardinal feature of the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lv-PPA) and is assumed to underpin most of the language deficits in this syndrome. Clinically, examination of verbal short-term memory in individuals presenting with PPA is common practice and serves two objectives: (i) to help understand the possible mechanisms underlying the patient’s language profile and (ii) to help differentiate lv-PPA from other PPA variants or from other dementia syndromes. Distinction between lv-PPA and the non-fluent variant of PPA (nfv-PPA), however, can be especially challenging due to overlapping language profiles and comparable psychometric performances on verbal short-term memory tests. Here, we present case vignettes of the three PPA variants (lv-PPA, nfv-PPA, and the semantic variant (sv-PPA)) and typical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These vignettes provide a detailed description of the short-term and working memory profiles typically found in these patients and highlight how speech output and language comprehension deficits across the PPA variants differentially interfere with verbal memory performance. We demonstrate that a combination of verbal short-term and working memory measures provides crucial information regarding the cognitive mechanisms underlying language disturbances in PPA. In addition, we propose that analogous visuospatial span tasks are essential for the assessment of PPA as they measure memory capacity without language contamination.

Independent Functioning of Verbal Memory Stores: A Neuropsychological Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shallice ◽  
Elizabeth K. Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Probe Recognition ◽  
Neuropsychological Study ◽  
Independent Functioning

Five experiments are described concerning verbal short-term memory performance of a patient who has a very markedly reduced verbal span. The results of the first three, free recall, the Peterson procedure and an investigation of proactive interference, indicate that he has a greatly reduced short-term memory capacity, while the last two, probe recognition and missing scan, show that this cannot be attributed to a retrieval failure. Since his performance on long-term memory tasks is normal, it is difficult to explain these results with theories of normal functioning in which verbal STM and LTM use the same structures in different ways. They also make the serial model of the relation between STM and LTM less plausible and support a model in which verbal STM and LTM have parallel inputs.

scholarly journals Verbal learning on depressive pseudodementia: accentuate impairment of free recall, moderate on learning processes, and spared short-term and recognition memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (9A) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jardim de Paula ◽  
Debora Marques Miranda ◽  
Rodrigo Nicolato ◽  
Edgar Nunes de Moraes ◽  
Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Moderate Effect Size ◽  
Learning Test

Objective Depressive pseudodementia (DPD) is a clinical condition characterized by depressive symptoms followed by cognitive and functional impairment characteristics of dementia. Memory complaints are one of the most related cognitive symptoms in DPD. The present study aims to assess the verbal learning profile of elderly patients with DPD. Methods Ninety-six older adults (34 DPD and 62 controls) were assessed by neuropsychological tests including the Rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT). A multivariate general linear model was used to assess group differences and controlled for demographic factors. Results Moderate or large effects were found on all RAVLT components, except for short-term and recognition memory. Conclusion DPD impairs verbal memory, with large effect size on free recall and moderate effect size on the learning. Short-term storage and recognition memory are useful in clinical contexts when the differential diagnosis is required.

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