EXPRESS: Can arrows change the subjective perception of space? Exploring symbolic attention repulsion

2022 ◽  
pp. 174702182210761
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lawrence ◽  
Lucas R Schneider ◽  
Jay Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Visual Cell ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Endogenous Attention ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Visual Cells ◽  
Stimulus Timing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Repulsion Effect

The attention repulsion effect (ARE) refers to distortions in the perception of space for areas nearby the focus of attention. For instance, when attending to the right-hand side of the visual field, objects in central vision may appear as though they are shifted to the left. The phenomenon is likely caused by changes in visual cell functioning. To date, research on the ARE has almost exclusively used exogenous manipulations of attention. In contrast, research exploring endogenous attention repulsion has been mixed, and no research has explored the effects of non-predictive arrow cues on this phenomenon. This gap in the literature is unexpected, as symbolic attention appears to be a unique form of attentional orienting compared to endogenous and exogenous attention. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of symbolic orienting on spatial repulsion and compared it to an exogenously generated ARE. Across four experiments, both exogenous and symbolic orienting resulted in AREs; however, the magnitude of the symbolic ARE was smaller than the exogenous ARE. This difference in magnitude persisted, even after testing both phenomena using stimulus timing parameters known to produce optimal effects in traditional attentional cueing paradigms. Therefore, compared to symbolic attention, it appears that exogenous manipulations may tightly constrict attention resources on the cued location, in turn potentially influencing the functioning of visual cells for enhanced perceptual processing.

scholarly journals Language beyond the language system: dorsal visuospatial pathways support processing of demonstratives and spatial language during naturalistic fast fMRI

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Rocca ◽  
Kenny R. Coventry ◽  
Kristian Tylén ◽  
Marlene Staib ◽  
Torben E. Lund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Finite Impulse Response ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Pragmatic Inference ◽  
The Right

AbstractSpatial demonstratives are powerful linguistic tools used to establish joint attention. Identifying the meaning of semantically underspecified expressions like “this one” hinges on the integration of linguistic and visual cues, attentional orienting and pragmatic inference. This synergy between language and extralinguistic cognition is pivotal to language comprehension in general, but especially prominent in demonstratives.In this study, we aimed to elucidate which neural architectures enable this intertwining between language and extralinguistic cognition using a naturalistic fMRI paradigm. In our experiment, 28 participants listened to a specially crafted dialogical narrative with a controlled number of spatial demonstratives. A fast multiband-EPI acquisition sequence (TR = 388ms) combined with finite impulse response (FIR) modelling of the hemodynamic response was used to capture signal changes at word-level resolution.We found that spatial demonstratives bilaterally engage a network of parietal areas, including the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and precuneus, implicated in information integration and visuospatial processing. Moreover, demonstratives recruit frontal regions, including the right FEF, implicated in attentional orienting and reference frames shifts. Finally, using multivariate similarity analyses, we provide evidence for a general involvement of the dorsal (“where”) stream in the processing of spatial expressions, as opposed to ventral pathways encoding object semantics.Overall, our results suggest that language processing relies on a distributed architecture, recruiting neural resources for perception, attention, and extra-linguistic aspects of cognition in a dynamic and context-dependent fashion.

scholarly journals Flatfoot or not: subjective perception of the height of the feet arch among orthopedists

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Alyona Ju. Dimitrieva ◽  
Vladimir M. Kenis ◽  
Andrei V. Sapogovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Kendall Correlation ◽  
The Right

Background. The visual assessment of flatfoot is the most commonly used method by pediatric orthopedists. It is necessary to confirm good consistency among specialists to justify its use as a standard. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the consistency of visual assessment of flatfoot among orthopedists. Materials and methods. The first stage of this study included 187 primary school-aged children. The main methods used were clinical examination and computer plantography. Then, 130 images of the right foot were randomly selected in standard projections medial and posterior, which were provided to 32 orthopedists (ten of whom were experts). Specialists needed to note whether the foot presented for analysis was flat. We used the w-Kendall concordance coefficient and -Kendall correlation coefficient to determine the inter-rater reliability. After five months, the intra-rater reliability was determined, and the Cohen coefficient was calculated. Results. Our study demonstrated that the inter-rater reliability varied significantly depending on whether the orthopedist specialized in foot pathology. When calculating the concordance coefficient, an increase in the consistency among experts was noted after five months (0.58 and 0.76, respectively), compared with orthopedists who do not specialize in foot pathology. Although some heterogeneity was noted according to experts on the same foot, the overall correlation coefficient corresponded to a good and excellent level of consistency (0.650.84). Cohens coefficient among specialists corresponded to a good level of confidence (0.72), whereas among orthopedists who do not specialize in foot pathology, there was a low level of confidence (0.31). According to experts, the frequency of flatfoot was 24.6%, whereas according to orthopedists who do not specialize in foot pathology, it was 40.9% when they evaluated images of the same feet. Conclusion. Experts answers regarding which foot should be considered flat demonstrated a good and excellent level of consistency. Therefore, they can be used to determine reference values of anthropometric parameters of the medial foot arch.

The Question of Relationship Between Golgi Vesicles and Synaptic Vesicles in Octopus Neurons

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
E. G. GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Visual Cell ◽  
Visual Cells ◽  
Golgi Vesicles

Electron microscopy of the vertical lobe of octopus brain shows that the synaptic knobs of axons with perikarya in the median superior frontal lobe have synaptic vesicles, approximately 28% of which are dense-cored (or granulated). In contrast, the endings of the amacrine neurons in the vertical lobe and the endings in the retina and optic lobe, both of which are derived from the retinal visual cells, have only agranular synaptic vesicles. The Golgi apparatuses of the median superior frontal perikarya have vesicles, approximately 4.3% of which are granulated. The amacrine Golgi apparatuses have 1.5% granulated vesicles. The visual cell Golgi apparatuses have virtually no dense-cored vesicles, only agranular ones. The question of the formation of dense-cored and agranular synaptic vesicles at the Golgi apparatus and their subsequent transport to the terminals are related to these observations.

Cor Triatriatum in Association With a Unique Form of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

2021 ◽  
pp. 215013512110469
Author(s):  
Lou Capecci ◽  
Richard D. Mainwaring ◽  
Inger Olson ◽  
Frank L. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Cor Triatriatum ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Elective Repair ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Cor triatriatum may be associated with abnormalities of pulmonary venous anatomy. This case report describes a unique form of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The patient presented at 5 weeks of age with symptoms of tachypnea and poor feeding. Echocardiography demonstrated cor triatriatum and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right upper lung. The patient underwent urgent repair of cor triatriatum. It was elected to not address the partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection at that time. The patient returned at age 19 months for elective repair of the anomalous pulmonary venous connection. There was also a large vein connecting the right lower pulmonary veins to the superior vena cava. This was repaired by dividing the superior vena cava along a vertical axis to redirect the flow of the anomalous pulmonary veins through the connecting vein to the left atrium. This report describes the anatomy and surgical approach to a unique form of anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

scholarly journals A causal role for the right angular gyrus in self-location mediated perspective taking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. L. de Boer ◽  
P. J. Johnston ◽  
G. Kerr ◽  
M. Meinzer ◽  
A. Cleeremans
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Elementary Form ◽  
The Right

Abstract Recent theories suggest that self-consciousness, in its most elementary form, is functionally disconnected from the phenomenal body. Patients with psychosis frequently misattribute their thoughts and actions to external sources; and in certain out-of-body experiences, lucid states, and dreams body-ownership is absent but self-identification is preserved. To explain these unusual experiences, we hypothesized that self-identification depends on inferring self-location at the right angular gyrus (i.e., perspective-taking). This process relates to the discrimination of self-produced signals (endogenous attention) from environmental stimulation (exogenous attention). Therefore, when this mechanism fails, this causes altered sensations and perceptions. We combined a Full-body Illusion paradigm with brain stimulation (HD-tDCS) and found a clear causal association between right angular gyrus activation and alterations in self-location (perspective-taking). Anodal versus sham HD-tDCS resulted in: a more profound out-of-body shift (with reduced sense of agency); and a weakened ability to discriminate self from other perspectives. We conclude that self-identification is mediated in the brain by inferring self-location (i.e., perspective-taking). Self-identification can be decoupled from the bodily self, explaining phenomena associated with disembodiment. These findings present novel insights into the relationship between mind and body, and may offer important future directions for treating psychosis symptoms and rehabilitation programs to aid in the recovery from a nervous system injury. The brain’s ability to locate itself might be the key mechanism for self-identification and distinguishing self from other signals (i.e., perspective-taking).

scholarly journals Survival Following Rectal Impalement through the Pelvic, Abdominal, and Thoracic Cavities: A Case Report

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Moncure ◽  
Jared A. Konie ◽  
Adam B. Kretzer ◽  
Peter J. DiPasco ◽  
Carla C. Braxton
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Penetrating Trauma ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Impalement Injury ◽  
The Right

Impalement injuries are a unique form of penetrating trauma and are typically associated with a fall onto the object (Steele, 2006). We present the case of a 45-year-old man who reportedly slipped in his bathtub and fell onto a broomstick. Radiographic examination revealed a slender mass extending from his rectum to the right side of his neck. A review of English literature suggests that this is the second reported case in the last 100 years describing the successful management of an impalement injury traversing the pelvic, abdominal, and thoracic cavities. The management of this case is described.

scholarly journals Spatial distance of target locations affects the time course of both endogenous and exogenous attentional deployment.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Geweke ◽  
Emilia Pokta ◽  
Viola S. Störmer
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Endogenous Attention ◽  
Attentional Deployment ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Target Locations

Spatial attention can be deployed exogenously, based on salient events in the environment, or endogenously, based on current task goals. Numerous studies have compared the time courses of these two types of attention, and have demonstrated that exogenous attention is fast and transient and endogenous attention is relatively slow but sustained. In the present study we investigated whether and how the temporal dynamics of exogenous and endogenous attention differ in terms of where attention is deployed in the visual field, in particular at locations nearby or far from fixation. Across a series experiments, we measured attentional shift times for each type of attention, and found overall slower deployment of endogenous relative to exogenous attention, in line with previous research. Importantly, we also consistently found that it takes longer to deploy attention at more distant locations relative to nearby locations, regardless of how attention was instigated. Overall, our results suggest that the temporal limits of attentional deployment across different spatial distances are similar for exogenous and endogenous attention, pointing to shared constraints underlying both attentional modes.

scholarly journals Differential impact of endogenous and exogenous attention on activity in human visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Dugué ◽  
Elisha P. Merriam ◽  
David J. Heeger ◽  
Marisa Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Endogenous Attention ◽  
Involuntary Attention ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Visual Hierarchy ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Fmri Analysis

AbstractHow do endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention modulate activity in visual cortex? Using ROI-based fMRI analysis, we measured fMRI activity for valid and invalid trials (target at cued/un-cued location, respectively), pre- or post-cueing endogenous or exogenous attention, while participants performed the same orientation discrimination task. We found stronger modulation in contralateral than ipsilateral visual regions, and higher activity in valid- than invalid-trials. For endogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue increased along the visual hierarchy, but was constant due to a post-cue. For exogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue was constant along the visual hierarchy, but was not modulated due to a post-cue. These findings reveal that endogenous and exogenous attention distinctly modulate activity in visuo-occipital areas during orienting and reorienting; endogenous attention facilitates both the encoding and the readout of visual information whereas exogenous attention only facilitates the encoding of information.

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