The use of nebulized pharmacotherapies during the COVID-19 pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly contagious novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and currently represents a major public health issue. COVID-19 has highlighted the need for clear and accurate guidance on the use of aerosol-generating procedures, such as nebulization, for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases with or without COVID-19. Despite the lack of evidence, there is heightened concern about the potential risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the form of aerosolized respiratory droplets during the nebulized treatment of patients with COVID-19. Consequently, the use of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) has risen considerably as an alternative to nebulized therapy, which has led to inadequate supplies of MDIs in some parts of the United States. In this article, we review and discuss the role of nebulization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of noninfected patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The following two important questions are addressed: (1) should nebulized therapy be used in hospital or home settings by patients infected with SARS-CoV-2; and (2) should nebulized therapy be continued in patients already using it for chronic respiratory disease management in hospital or home settings? The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

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High Frequency of Viral Co-Detections in Acute Bronchiolitis

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13060990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 990

Author(s):

Hortense Petat ◽

Vincent Gajdos ◽

François Angoulvant ◽

Pierre-Olivier Vidalain ◽

Sandrine Corbet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Acute Bronchiolitis ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus

Over two years (2012–2014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6-week- to 12-month-old infants presenting at the emergency department with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis. Viral testing was performed, and we found that 98% of samples were positive, including 90% for respiratory syncytial virus, 34% for human rhino virus, and 55% for viral co-detections, with a predominance of RSV/HRV co-infections (30%). Interestingly, we found that the risk of being infected by HRV is higher in the absence of RSV, suggesting interferences or exclusion mechanisms between these two viruses. Conversely, coronavirus infection had no impact on the likelihood of co-infection involving HRV and RSV. Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants before 12 months of age, and many questions about its role in later chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exist. The role of virus detection and the burden of viral codetections need to be further explored, in order to understand the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, a major public health issue.

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High Frequency of Viral Co-Detections in Acute Bronchiolitis

10.20944/preprints202101.0416.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hortense PETAT ◽

Vincent GAJDOS ◽

Francois ANGOULVANT ◽

Pierre-Olivier VIDALAIN ◽

Sandrine CORBET ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Acute Bronchiolitis ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus

Over two years (2012-2014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6 weeks to 12 months old infants presenting at emergency department with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis. Viral testing was performed and we found 98% positive samples including 90% Respiratory Syncytial Virus, 34% Human Rhino Virus, and 55% viral co-detections with predominance of RSV/HRV co-infections (30%). Interestingly, we found that the risk of being infected by HRV is higher in the absence of RSV, suggesting interferences or exclusion mechanisms between these two viruses. Conversely, Coronavirus infection had no impact on the likelihood of co-infection involving HRV and RSV. Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants before 12 months of age, and many questions about its role in the later chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) do exist. Role of virus detection and burden of viral codetections need to be further explored, in order to understand the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, a major public health issue.

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WHO World Report on Hearing: Implications for the United States and the WHO Decade of Healthy Aging

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 807-807

Author(s):

Carrie Nieman

Keyword(s):

Hearing Aids ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

The United States ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Major Public Health Issue ◽

The Past ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

World Report

Abstract The past 5 years have seen incredible advances in approaching hearing loss as a major public health issue. National efforts include the 2015 President’ Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the National Academies of Science, Engineering, & Medicine’s 2016 Commission on Hearing Health Care for Adults, which led to the 2017 OTC hearing aid legislation and the expected debut of OTC hearing aids in 2020-2021. The World Report on Hearing amplifies these efforts. This presentation will cover the role of the Report in the context of the rapidly evolving hearing care landscape in the US and how the Report’s call for affordable, accessible hearing care fit within current national efforts focused on older adults. Finally, the WHO recognized 2020-2030 as the Decade of Healthy Aging. We will discuss how the World Report on Hearing integrates with broader efforts to support healthy aging locally and globally.

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From Genesis To Revelation: The Role Of Inflammatory Mediators In Chronic Respiratory Diseases And Their Control By Nucleic Acid-Based Drugs

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201813666160824142843 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (999) ◽

pp. 1-1 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sante Di Gioia ◽

Carla Sardo ◽

Stefano Castellani ◽

Barbara Porsio ◽

Giuliana Belgiovine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

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Hospitalisation for COPD in Puglia: the role of hospital discharge database to estimate prevalence and incidence

Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease ◽

10.4081/monaldi.2008.386 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

Author(s):

P. Trerotoli ◽

N. Bartolomeo ◽

A.M. Moretti

Keyword(s):

Disease Management ◽

Hospital Discharge ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Hospital Discharge Database ◽

Discharge Database

Background and aim. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), although largely preventable, is a great health burden in all the countries worldwide. Statistics of morbidity and mortality of COPD show the need for correct management of the disease. Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Diseases (DRG 88) are in 9th place for discharge in in-patient hospital admission. It is necessary to establish specific indicators which are efficacious and relevant for the patient, the doctor and the health manager. This study will analyse the information in respect of hospital admissions (Hospital discharge database) in Puglia for the period 2000-2005. Methods. The analysis was carried out utilising the Puglia Region hospital patient discharge database, selecting those patients with admission for chronic respiratory disease as principal or secondary diagnosis. Results. Chronic respiratory diseases are more frequent in males and in people over 45 years old with frequency increasing with age. Geographical distribution shows that there are greater rates of hospitalisation in big cities and in the neighbourhood of industrial areas. Although the trend over time is slight. A higher percentage of re-admission has been found for patients with COPD, and the interval between the two admissions occurs within one or two months; the diagnosis at the second admission is the same as for the first. 10.6% of discharge forms report one diagnosis, especially in patients older than 65 years of age. Little could be said about diagnostic procedures because these are not reported on the discharge form. Conclusion. Hospitalisation data confirms expectations regarding age and sex of patients. The high hospitalisation rates indicate that in-patients care still remains the only viable treatment for COPD and other chronic respiratory diseases. The high number of exacerbations reflect the absence of out-patients service or community care, and the same diagnosis in more than one episode shows the lack of efficiency of health services and disease management. This data is necessary to understand disease distribution and the modification of disease management in order to reduce health care costs, to increase efficacy in disease control and to limit repeated exacerbation and so to obtain the maximum benefit for the patients.

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The ABCs of Rhinoviruses, Wheezing, and Asthma

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02290-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 84 (15) ◽

pp. 7418-7426 ◽

Cited By ~ 168

Author(s):

James E. Gern

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Acute Exacerbations ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Viral Diagnostics

ABSTRACT Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their role in more-significant respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis in infancy, childhood pneumonia, and acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis. Until a few years ago, only two groups of HRVs (A and B) had been recognized. However, full and partial sequencing of HRVs led to the discovery of a third species of HRV (HRV-C) that has distinct structural and biologic features. Risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms for more-severe HRV infections are being defined, and yet fundamental questions persist about mechanisms relating this common pathogen to allergic diseases and asthma. The close relationship between HRV infections and asthma suggests that antiviral treatments could have a major impact on the morbidity associated with this chronic respiratory disease.

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The Main Clinical Indicators of Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Disease: Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction Approach

Respiratory Physiology ◽

10.5772/intechopen.91333 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Esmaeil Alibakhshi ◽

Raffaele Fiorillo ◽

Luis Lores Obradors ◽

Ana María Sánchez-Laforga ◽

Amparo Villar Cánovas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

Pearson’S Correlation ◽

Clinical Indicators ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Femur Bone ◽

Pearson's Correlation ◽

Rectus Femoris Muscle ◽

Femoris Muscle

Patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) have a disorder in muscle structure and function, but their function increases with physical progress and decreases the risk of general, and muscular weakness are more likely to develop sarcopenia. We randomly selected patients (N = 38) with mean age of 72 ± 1.0 years old men and women elderly with chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis and obesity with dyspnea score ≥ 2 in MRC index. All patients after receiving research information and signing informed consent have gone through performing clinical assessments. They performed femur bone mineral density (FBMD) and ultrasound on the rectus femoris muscle mid-tight cross-sectional area (RFMTCSA) in the quadriceps muscle. The significant changes in BMI were seen in all patients, pre-rehabilitation, BMI = 30 ± 1.06 kg/m2 and post-rehabilitation, BMI = 29 ± 1.00 kg/m2. In Pearson’s correlation of r = 0.607 between T-score and Z-score in FBMD and RFMTCSA in pre-rehabilitation, there is a little bit significant correlation between the variables than in the Pearson’s correlation of r = 0.910 in post-rehabilitation, P < 0.00. Comparing femur bone and rectus femoris muscle parameters as indicators for diagnosis of sarcopenia in chronic respiratory patients, we observed that in rectus femoris muscle, ultrasound is the most effective foot muscle detector.

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Prevention and Mitigation of Intimate-Partner Violence: The Role of Community Leaders in Tanzania

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801219832923 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3-4) ◽

pp. 359-378

Author(s):

Elizabeth Simmons ◽

Nafisa Halim ◽

Maria Servidone ◽

Ester Steven ◽

Naomi Reich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Community Level ◽

Community Leaders ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Valuable Insight ◽

Major Public Health Issue ◽

Key Informant

Intimate-partner violence (IPV) is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects women, especially in Tanzania where 40% of women report experiencing IPV. While IPV research has focused on IPV victims and perpetrators, community leaders can provide valuable insight on IPV at the community level. We conducted 50 key informant interviews with community leaders in nine villages in the Karatu district. These leaders identified common themes regarding IPV causes and consequences, reporting methods, and future recommendations. This information can help mitigate IPV at the community level in future interventions and shows community leaders themselves could be powerful tools in future IPV programming.

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