From Genesis To Revelation: The Role Of Inflammatory Mediators In Chronic Respiratory Diseases And Their Control By Nucleic Acid-Based Drugs

The data obtained in the study of incidence in children, reflect the results of the children’s clinic. Analysis of the incidence was carried out according to the analysis of medical records. In the structure of general and chronic morbidity in children, the leading places belong to respiratory diseases, among which chronic diseases of adenoids and tonsils prevail (67.7%). Therefore, prevention and timely effective treatment of diseases of the respiratory system will reduce the overall incidence, and, consequently, improve the performance of a children’s clinic. To determine the role of medical rehabilitation, a group of children aged 3 to 14 years with chronic respiratory diseases was recruited in the amount of 127 children (68 boys and 59 girls). In the main group (n=78), treatment without exacerbation included 3 courses of comprehensive medical rehabilitation, including physiotherapy, reflexology, and physical therapy; in the control (n=49) treatment was carried out only in the period of exacerbation. The total duration of observation in both groups was 12 months. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the dynamics of the frequency and duration of colds and exacerbations of chronic diseases during the year. In the main group, the average frequency of colds for the year decreased by 2 times (p

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Expert recommendations on the role of macrolides in chronic respiratory diseases

Lung India ◽

10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_498_19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 174

Author(s):

Raja Dhar ◽

Deepak Talwar ◽

Virendra Singh ◽

Harjit Dumra ◽

Sujeet Rajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Expert Recommendations

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Conference: "COPD: a social disease: inappropriateness and pharmaco-economics. The role of the specialist: present and future"

Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine ◽

10.4081/mrm.2010.519 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Claudio F. Donner

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Health Problems ◽

Major Health ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Employment Sector ◽

Full Sense ◽

Socio Economic Impact ◽

Institutional Network

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), with particular regard to COPD, constitute an epidemic in the full sense of the term, though they still go underdiag- nosed and undertreated. COPD is one of the major health problems worldwide, negatively affecting patients and their families, the employment sector, the institutional network and, hence, society as a whole. Its epidemiological, clinical, social and socio-economic impact is on the rise and there are no signs of any change to this trend. Edited by Claudio F. Donner

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Lung Microbiome in Asthma: Current Perspectives

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8111967 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1967 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Konstantinos Loverdos ◽

Georgios Bellos ◽

Louiza Kokolatou ◽

Ioannis Vasileiadis ◽

Evangelos Giamarellos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Lung Microbiome ◽

Modes Of Interaction ◽

Review Current

A growing body of evidence implicates the human microbiome as a potentially influential player actively engaged in shaping the pathogenetic processes underlying the endotypes and phenotypes of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly of the airways. In this article, we specifically review current evidence on the characteristics of lung microbiome, and specifically the bacteriome, the modes of interaction between lung microbiota and host immune system, the role of the “lung–gut axis”, and the functional effects thereof on asthma pathogenesis. We also attempt to explore the possibilities of therapeutic manipulation of the microbiome, aiming at the establishment of asthma prevention strategies and the optimization of asthma treatment.

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High Frequency of Viral Co-Detections in Acute Bronchiolitis

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13060990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 990

Author(s):

Hortense Petat ◽

Vincent Gajdos ◽

François Angoulvant ◽

Pierre-Olivier Vidalain ◽

Sandrine Corbet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Acute Bronchiolitis ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus

Over two years (2012–2014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6-week- to 12-month-old infants presenting at the emergency department with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis. Viral testing was performed, and we found that 98% of samples were positive, including 90% for respiratory syncytial virus, 34% for human rhino virus, and 55% for viral co-detections, with a predominance of RSV/HRV co-infections (30%). Interestingly, we found that the risk of being infected by HRV is higher in the absence of RSV, suggesting interferences or exclusion mechanisms between these two viruses. Conversely, coronavirus infection had no impact on the likelihood of co-infection involving HRV and RSV. Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants before 12 months of age, and many questions about its role in later chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exist. The role of virus detection and the burden of viral codetections need to be further explored, in order to understand the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, a major public health issue.

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Virome in the Lungs: The Role of Anelloviruses in Childhood Respiratory Diseases

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9071357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1357

Author(s):

Giulia Dodi ◽

Marina Attanasi ◽

Paola Di Filippo ◽

Sabrina Di Pillo ◽

Francesco Chiarelli

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Constant Change ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Health And Disease

More recently, increasing attention has been directed to exploring the function of the global virome in health and disease. Currently, by new molecular techniques, such as metagenomic DNA sequencing, the virome has been better unveiled. By investigating the human lung virome, we could provide novel insights into respiratory diseases. The virome, as a part of the microbiome, is characterized by a constant change in composition related to the type of diet, environment, and our genetic code, and other incalculable factors. The virome plays a substantial role in modulating human immune defenses and contributing to the inflammatory processes. Anelloviruses (AVs) are new components of the virome. AVs are already present during early life and reproduce without apparently causing harm to the host. The role of AVs is still unknown, but several reports have shown that AVs could activate the inflammasomes, intracellular multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system, which show a crucial role in the host defense to several pathogens. In this narrative revision, we summarize the epidemiological data related to the possible link between microbial alterations and chronic respiratory diseases in children. Briefly, we also describe the characteristics of the most frequent viral family present in the lung virome, Anelloviridae. Furthermore, we discuss how AVs could modulate the immune system in children, affecting the development of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, the most common chronic inflammatory disease in childhood.

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The Emerging Role of Ion Channels in the Pathophysiology and Treatments of Asthma

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127103032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 271 ◽

pp. 03032

Author(s):

Jingwen Zhu

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Ion Channels ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Transmembrane Proteins ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

The World ◽

Insight Into

Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in the world. Although treatments and medications that can control the symptoms of asthma are available, no cure has been developed. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that facilitate the diffusion of ions across membranes. In the airways, ion channels are involved in signalling between cells and regulation of intracellular ion concentration, which may lead to the activation of airway cells, immune cells, and neurons. This review mainly focuses on discoveries made so far in animal models and clinical trials regarding ion channels and asthma and gives some insight into developing treatments targeting ion channels.

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Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors for Non-COPD Respiratory Diseases

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.518345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Theerasuk Kawamatawong

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Chronic Bronchitis ◽

Severe Asthma ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Mucus Hypersecretion ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Pde Inhibitors

Selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are a class of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. Modulation of systemic and airway inflammation is their pivotal mechanism of action. Furthermore, PDE inhibitors modulate cough reflex and inhibit airway mucus secretion. Roflumilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, has been extensively studied for the efficacy and safety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. According to the mechanisms of action, the potential roles of PDE inhibitors in treating chronic respiratory diseases including severe asthma, asthma-COPD overlap (ACO), noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and chronic cough are discussed. Since roflumilast inhibits airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia in COPD patients, it reduces COPD exacerbations in the presence of chronic bronchitis in addition to baseline therapies. The clinical studies in asthma patients have shown the comparable efficacy of roflumilast to inhaled corticosteroids for improving lung function. However, the clinical trials of roflumilast in severe asthma have been limited. Although ACO is common and is also associated with poor outcomes, there is no clinical trial regarding its efficacy in patients with ACO despite a promising role in reducing COPD exacerbation. Since mucus hypersecretion is a result of neutrophil secretagogue in patients with chronic bronchitis, experimental studies have shown that PDE4s are regulators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in human airway epithelial cells. Besides, goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with an increased expression of PDE. Bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis are considered neutrophilic airway diseases presenting with mucus hypersecretion. They commonly coexist and thus lead to severe disease. The role of roflumilast in noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is under investigation in clinical trials. Lastly, PDE inhibitors have been shown modulating cough from bronchodilation, suppressing transient receptors potential (TRP), and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, there is the potential role of the drug in the management of unexplained cough. However, clinical trials for examining its antitussive efficacy are pivotal. In conclusion, selective PDE4 inhibitors may be potential treatment options for chronic respiratory diseases apart from COPD due to their promising mechanisms of action.

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