Transformation from calcium sulfate to calcium phosphate in biological environment

The formation of a nano-apatite surface layer is frequently considered a measure of bioactivity, especially for non-phosphate bioceramics. In the present study, strontium-doped calcium sulfate, (Ca,Sr)SO4, was used to verify the feasibility of this measure. The (Ca,Sr)SO4 specimen was prepared by mixing 10% SrSO4 by weight with 90% CaSO4·½H2O powder by weight. A solid solution of (Ca,7.6%Sr)SO4 was then produced by heating the powder mixture at 1100 °C for 1 h. The resulting (Ca,Sr)SO4 specimen was readily degradable in phosphate solution. A newly formed surface layer in the form of flakes was formed within one day of specimen immersion in phosphate solution. Structural and microstructure–compositional analyses indicated that the flakes were composed of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) crystals. An amorphous interface containing OCP nanocrystals was found between the newly formed surface layer and the remaining (Ca,Sr)SO4 specimen. The specimen was also implanted into a rat distal femur bone defect. In addition to new bone, fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells were found to interlace the (Ca,Sr)SO4 specimen. The present study indicated that a more comprehensive evaluation is needed to assess the bioactivity of non-phosphate bioceramics.

Histomorphological evaluation of osteoclast cell count in femur bone of mice induced by anastrazole and protective effect of olive oil.

Objective: The objective of this study is to find out protective effect of olive oil to prevent bone loss by decreasing osteoclast count in patient receiving Anastrazole. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Animal House, Peshawar and Pathology Lab KGMC Peshawar. Period: March 2019 to December 2019. Material & Methods: Sixty female albino mice 6-8 weeks of age were selected for this experimental study and Aromatase inhibitor drug Anastrazole was given alone and in combination with olive oil once daily for 30 successive days. Femur bone samples were collected and stained with Eosin and Hematoxylin for histomorphological evaluation of osteoclast cell count in three all three groups i.e. control group, those receiving Anastrazole alone and those given Anastrazole and olive oil in combination. Results: The mean weight of all experimental female albino mice before study was 30.77- 33.05 grams and after the study was 30.84- 21.31 grams. Control group 1 which was given normal diet showed increased weight of mice with less osteoclast cell count as compared to experimental groups (2 and 3). In group 2 (Drugged) which was given Anastrazole, weight of were lesser than control group 1 and group 3(Anastrazole + olive oil), while, osteoclast score was greater than group 1(control) and group 3 (Anastrazole + olive oil). Group3 (Drugged+ Olive oil) showed greater weight of mice than group 2 (Anastrazole) but, lesser than control group 1. Osteoclast score was greater than control group but lesser than group 2 (Anastrazole). Conclusion: The results showed positive and protective effects of olive oil against Anastrazole induced bone loss in female albino mice.

Treatment of Bone Marrow Cancer Based on Model Predictive Control

Bone marrow is a spongy tissue that contains stem cells that are found inside some bones, including the hip and femur. Bone marrow cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by stem cells that make up the blood cells in the bone marrow. Sometimes these cells grow too fast or abnormally, which is called bone marrow cancer. Bone tissue cells are mainly composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblast cells constantly build new bone throughout the life of each bone, and other cells called osteoclasts constantly absorb pieces of bone, so the bone is constantly being renewed. In this paper, mathematical models of tumors, the effect of the body on the drug, and the drug on the body are introduced, and then the appropriate dose of the drug to reduce tumor density is calculated using the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. To obtain an adaptive MPC strategy, the extended least squares (ELS) method developed to learn the parameters of the tumor growth model is used. Finally, the simulation in MATLAB, assuming the model is correct, shows that the tumor is gone, and the bone mass improves over a period of time. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for the treatment of bone marrow cancer.

The Wagner Modular (S2) Prosthesis for Proximal Femur Bone Loss ; Prospective Study of 19 Cases

Background: Wagner proximal femur prosthesis is the versatile modular implant. Study Design: Prospective study Setting: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Dow University of Health Sciences / Civil Hospital Karachi, from January 2013 to December 2019. Methodology: Total 19 patients of both genders with proximal femur bone loss due to tumor, implant failure for proximal femur fixation, comminuted intertrochanteric fracture, and failed arthroplasty included in the study. After taking written informed consent, detailed demographics including age, gender, indication of wagner prosthesis, and wagner stem type were recorded. Among all the patients 11 patients received total hip replacement and 8 patients received bipolar. Complications associated with procedure were recorded. Outcomes were assessed by Merle D Aubgine scale. Results: Total 19 patients were included in the study who were operated with wagner prosthesis for proximal femur bone deficit problems. 7 (37%) patients were male and 12 (67%) were female , between age of 16 to 70. 13 (68%) patient have proximal femur problem on right side and 6(32%) patient on left side .10 Patient have proximal femur fixation problems and 9 with proximal femur tumor. Modular wagner prosthesis used in all patients . Per-operative one (5%) patient have perforation of cortex and One (5%)patient posterior hip dislocation on next day . Two (11%) patient had per-operative fracture . Maximum follow-up is from 6.3 years to minimum 6 months. One patient with metastasis died within four weeks of surgery. Outcome measured with modified Merle D Aubgine scale showed no excellent , good in 15(79%) , fair 3 (16%), poor 1(5%). Conclusion: Wagner proximal femur modular implant is a versatile implant for proximal femur fixation failure and after proximal femur resection in tumor patients. It is modular with variable options to make stable hip joint. It is cheap as comparative to proximal femur replacement implant for tumor. Keywords: Implant failure, Proximal femur, Tumor, Wagner implant.

A comparative study of sex determination using femoral parameters

Introduction and Aim: Extensive examination of the femoral anthropometry has been commonly accepted to disclose sexual differentiation. The current study was carried out to evaluate various measurements of the pathologically fit femora of the unknown sex to differentiate the sex of the femora. Materials and Methods: Each femur was meticulously assessed and analyzed for six specific parameters such as maximal length, proximal breadth, and head circumference, mid-shaft circumference, vertical diameter, and neck-shaft angle of the femur bone. All the measurements were statistically analyzed and tabulated. Results:The results were highly significant to all the parameters thereby concluding that an individual’s sex can be determined by examining the femora. Conclusion:The results leave a huge scope for validation over a larger sample size focussing on an extensive human race.

Multiscale modeling of cancellous bone considering full coupling of mechanical, electric and magnetic effects

Modeling of cancellous bone has important applications in the detection and treatment of fatigue fractures and diseases like osteoporosis. In this paper, we present a fully coupled multiscale approach considering mechanical, electric and magnetic effects by using the multiscale finite element method and a two-phase material model on the microscale. We show numerical results for both scales, including calculations for a femur bone, comparing a healthy bone to ones affected by different stages of osteoporosis. Here, the magnetic field strength resulting from a small mechanical impact decreases drastically for later stages of the disease, confirming experimental research.

The Impact of Multispecies Probiotics on Calcium and Magnesium Status in Healthy Male Rats

Although probiotics have been discovered in numerous diseases in the last decade, there is little consensus on the relationship between probiotic properties and minerals balance and their distribution in the organism. This research aimed to evaluate the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) status in rats on a diet containing multispecies probiotics. Thirty male 10-week-old Wistar rats were selected and divided into three groups (n = 10 rats)—a group fed a standard diet (C), a group fed a low-dose of multispecies probiotics with 2.5 × 109 CFU per day (LD), and a group fed high-dose of multispecies probiotics 1 × 1010 CFU per day (HD) for 6 weeks. The results revealed that HD intake significantly increased the Ca concentration in hair and Mg concentration in femur bones. A significant positive correlation was found between calcium and magnesium levels in hair. The Ca/Mg molar ratio was lower in testicles in the groups with probiotics. In conclusion, multispecies probiotics altered the Ca concentration in hair and Mg level in femur bone, and also changed the molar ratio of these elements in testicles in male rats.