The Relationship Between Dynamic Balance Ability and Shoulder Pain in High School Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110196
Author(s):  
Kurumi Nakase ◽  
Hitoshi Shitara ◽  
Tsuyoshi Tajika ◽  
Takuro Kuboi ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ichinose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Dynamic balance is essential for pitching motion because pitching kinematics requires whole body coordination. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Y balance test (YBT) evaluate dynamic balance quantitatively. There are some reports that investigated the relationship between SEBT/YBT and pain in upper and lower extremities, but there is no study among high school baseball pitchers. Hypothesis: Dynamic balance deficiency is associated with shoulder pain among high school baseball pitchers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 259 male high school pitchers who participated in the preseason medical checkups were included in the study. YBT was used to measure their dynamic balance. The participants completed a questionnaire which asked if they were currently experiencing shoulder pain. Results: Twenty-two pitchers had shoulder pain during the preseason medical checkups. In the YBT, the posterolateral balance while standing with the axis leg as well as the posteromedial and posterolateral balance while standing with the step leg were significantly lower in the pain group than in the nonpain group ( P = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.001, respectively). A logistic regression analysis showed that posterolateral balance when standing with the step leg was an independent risk factor for current shoulder pain ( P = 0.04, odds ratio 0.942, 95% CI 0.892-0.996). Conclusion: The dynamic balance of high school baseball pitchers with shoulder pain was lower than that of participants without shoulder pain. In particular, posterolateral direction with the step leg standing was significantly related to shoulder pain. Clinical Relevance: Among high school baseball pitchers, decreased dynamic balance was related to current shoulder pain. YBT maybe recommended in preseason medical checkups for high school baseball pitchers.

scholarly journals Reporting Skill: The Missing Ingredient in Concussion Reporting Intention Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dee Warmath ◽  
Andrew P. Winterstein
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Concussion Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Background: Extant literature suggests that a substantial portion of athletes may not report a possible concussion and that concussion knowledge is insufficient to predict concussion reporting behavior. One area that has not been explored is reporting skill; that is, mastery of the actions required to report a concussion. This study evaluated the relationship between reporting skill and reporting intention, introducing a measure of the reporting skill construct. Hypotheses: Reporting intentions will be more closely associated with reporting skill than with concussion/symptom knowledge. The relationship between concussion (or symptom) knowledge and reporting intentions will differ by level of reporting skill. Study Design: Repeated cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A set of items was administered to young adults aged 18 to 24 years from the Survey Sampling International panel. Exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on 2 waves of data to develop the scale (n = 899). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling on the responses from the third wave of participants (n = 406). Results: Knowing the actions to take in reporting was more important than having knowledge of concussions or concussion symptoms. Reporting skill, not concussion or concussion symptom knowledge, was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. Among those with higher levels of reporting skill, concussion symptom knowledge (but not general concussion knowledge) was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. Conclusion: Reporting skill is an important and, until now, missing ingredient in the concussion literature and practice. Clinical Relevance: Incorporating reporting skill development in concussion education and team activities to teach athletes how to report is likely to improve actual reporting intentions. While further study is needed with particular sports and additional age groups, reporting skill holds promise as a new avenue for increased concussion reporting.

Association of Ankle Kinematics and Performance on the Y-Balance Test With Inclinometer Measurements on the Weight-Bearing-Lunge Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hyeok Kang ◽  
Dong-Kyu Lee ◽  
Kyung-Hee Park ◽  
Jae-Seop Oh
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tape Measure ◽  
Ankle Kinematics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion has often been measured in the weight-bearing condition in the clinical setting; however, little is known about the relationship between the weight-bearing-lunge test (WBLT) and both ankle kinematics and performance on dynamic postural-control tests.Objective:To examine whether ankle kinematics and performance on the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) are correlated with results of the WBLT using an inclinometer and tape measure.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:University motionanalysis laboratory.Participants:30 physically active participants.Interventions:None.Main Outcome Measures:The WBLT was evaluated using an inclinometer and a tape measure. The reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions on the YBT-LQ were normalized by limb length. Ankle dorsiflexion during the YBT-LQ was recorded using a 3-dimensional motion-analysis system. Simple linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the WBLT results and both ankle dorsiflexion and the normalized reach distance in each direction on the YBT-LQ.Results:The WBLT results were significantly correlated with ankle dorsiflexion in all directions on the YBT-LQ (P < .05). A strong correlation was found between the inclinometer measurement of the WBLT and ankle dorsiflexion (r = .74, r2 = .55), whereas the tape-measure results on the WBLT were moderately correlated with ankle dorsiflexion (r = .64, r2 = .40) during the anterior reach on the YBT-LQ. Only the normalized anterior reach distance was significantly correlated with the results for the inclinometer (r = .68, r2 = .46) and the tape measure (r = .64, r2 = .41) on the WBLT.Conclusions:Inclinometer measurements on the WBLT can be an appropriate tool for predicting the amount of ankle dorsiflexion during the YBT-LQ. Furthermore, WBLT should be measured in those who demonstrate poor dynamic balance.

scholarly journals Correlation between Balance and BMI in Collegiate students: A cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3759-3764
Author(s):  
Tejaswini Padmanabha Suvarna ◽  
◽  
Joseph Oliver Raj ◽  
Nithin Prakash ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Lateral Instability ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Test Result

Background: Balance deficits are usually related to medial-lateral instability. BMI could be an important factor to consider as; excess body mass or increased accumulation of adipose tissue can directly impact the postural stability which in return impacts balance. Purpose of the study: To find the correlation between BMI and Balance. Method: Sample consisted of 149 students, out of which 100 (67%) were males and 49 (33%) were females. BMI was calculated and was categorized into groups. Bilateral limb length was measured for normalising the data. Static balance was measured by performing blinded stork test and dynamic balance by performing Y- balance test. Data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test. Result: There was significant correlation between BMI and static balance of left leg (r=0.713, 95% CI 0.623, 0.784, p=0.01) but on comparison, there was no significant correlation between BMI and static balance of right leg (r=0.0458, 95% CI -0.11, -0.205, p=0.58). It was found that there was no significant correlation between BMI and Left Anterior (r= -0.134, 95% CI -0.289, -0.0274, p= 0.103), Left Posterolateral (r=-0.0775, 95% CI -0.235, 0.0843, p=0.347), Left Posteromedial (r=-0.0903, 95% CI -0.248, -0.0715, p=0.273) respectively. Also, it was found that there was no significant correlation between BMI and Right Anterior (r=-0.236, 95% CI -0.382, -0.0778, p=0.00381), Right Posterolateral (r=-0.193, 95% CI -0.343,-0.0334, p=0.0183), Right Posteromedial (r=-0.126, 95% CI -0.281, -0.0354, p=0.125) respectively. Conclusion: There was significant correlation between BMI and static balance of left leg and no correlation was established between BMI and static balance on right leg and also no correlation was established between BMI and static and dynamic balance for right and left leg. KEY WORDS: Static balance, Dynamic balance, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Limb length.

scholarly journals Are Baseball Statistics an Appropriate Tool for Assessing Return to Play in Injured Pitchers? Analysis of Statistical Variability in Healthy Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 232596712110509
Author(s):  
Ayoosh Pareek ◽  
Chad W. Parkes ◽  
Alexey A. Leontovich ◽  
Aaron J. Krych ◽  
Stan Conte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Normal Variability ◽  
Statistical Metrics

Background: Basic pitcher statistics have been used to assess performance in pitchers after injury or surgery without being validated. Even among healthy pitchers, the normal variability of these parameters has not yet been established. Purpose: To determine (1) the normal variability of basic and advanced pitcher statistics in healthy professional baseball pitchers and (2) the minimum pitches needed to predict these parameters. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Publicly available data from the MLB Statcast and PITCHf/x databases were used to analyze MLB pitchers during the 2015 and 2016 seasons who recorded a minimum of 100 innings without injury. Basic and advanced baseball pitcher statistics were analyzed. The variability of each parameter was assessed by computing the coefficient of variation (CV) between individual pitchers and across all pitchers. A CV <10 was indicative of a relatively constant parameter, and parameters with a CV >10 were generally considered inconsistent and unreliable. The minimum number of pitches needed to be followed for each variable was also analyzed. Results: A total of 118 pitchers, 55 baseball-specific statistical metrics (38 basic and 17 advanced), and 7.5 million pitches were included and analyzed. Of the 38 basic pitcher statistics, only fastball velocity demonstrated a CV <10 (CV = 1.5), while 6 of 17 (35%) advanced metrics demonstrated acceptable consistency (CV <10). Release position from plate and velocity from the plate were the 2 most consistent advanced parameters. When separated by pitch type, these 2 parameters were the most constant (lowest CV) across every pitch type. Conclusion: We recommend against utilizing nonvalidated statistical measures to assess performance after injury, as they demonstrated unacceptably high variability even among healthy, noninjured professional baseball pitchers. It is our hope that this study will serve as the foundation for the identification and implementation of validated pitcher-dependent statistical measures that can be used to assess return-to-play performance after injury in the future.

Personality Traits, Type of Motivation and Diet Duration Are Associated With the Risk of Orthorexia Nervosa in Vegetarians – a Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pasztak-Opilka ◽  
Maria Pawlak ◽  
Agnieszka Zachurzok
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Orthorexia Nervosa ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Motivation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives: There are reports that vegetarians, due to the specificity of their diet, may be at risk of orthorexia nervosa (ON), although researchers' opinions are not consistent. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the motivation to use vegetarian diet and the personality traits as well as the tendency to ON. Methods: The study group comprised 480 vegetarians aged 18-40 years (414 women) divided into 3 groups: G1 - semi-vegetarians (n=60), G2 - lacto-ovo-vegetarians, ovo-vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians (n=238) and G3 - vegans, raw foodists and fruitarians (n=182). The questionnaire determining the motivation for vegetarian diet, Neuroticism-ExtraversionOpenness - Five Factor Inventory Personality Inventory and Bratman Test of Orthorexia were used. Results: No significant differences in the level of ON risk were observed between the groups. BMI was significantly lower in G3 than in G1 and G2. In G3 vegetarian diet was used for the longest time, and the highest level of ethical and health motivation to undertake this diet compared to the other respondents was seen (p<0.0001). The study revealed the lowest level of agreeableness in the G1. The neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness and ethical motivation to diet were positive predictors of ON, while agreeableness and experience with diet were its negative predictors (F=9.26, p<0.001, R2=0.12).Conclusion: It is concluded that personality traits, type of motivation to undertake a vegetarian diet and diet duration are associated with the risk of ON in vegetarians.Level of Evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study

Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance in Male Football and Basketball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Halabchi ◽  
Ladan Abbasian ◽  
Maryam Mirshahi ◽  
Reza Mazaheri ◽  
Mohammad Hosein Pourgharib Shahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 2

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to compare static and dynamic balance among professional athletes in football and basketball. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 47 professional, male football and basketball players from Pro League in Iran participated. They were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included 16 participants with history of grade 1 or 2 single ankle sprain within the past 6 months. Group 2 included 17 participants with recurrent ankle sprain. Group 3 included 14 participants without history of ankle sprain. Static and dynamic balance were measured by the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. Results. For the single-leg stance on a firm surface, group 2 scored errors with a high mean value of 3.94 compared with the other 2 groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P = .03). Significant differences in BESS scores are observed on both surfaces across the tandem limb between groups 2 and 3. Conclusion. The measures from the SEBTs may not reflect the balance performance especially in well-trained athletes who have a better balance when performing sport-related skills. However, BESS includes static postures, and it may reflect postural deficits better than dynamic tests in the more experienced athlete. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV

scholarly journals Healthy Pediatric Athletes Have Significant Baseline Limb Asymmetries on Common Return-to-Sport Physical Performance Tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712098230
Author(s):  
John R. Magill ◽  
Heather S. Myers ◽  
Trevor A. Lentz ◽  
Laura S. Pietrosimone ◽  
Thomas Risoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children is associated with a much higher risk (∼30%) of subsequent ACL injury than in adults. Most RTS testing protocols use a limb symmetry index (LSI) ≥90% on physical performance tests (PPTs) to assess an athlete’s readiness for sport. This assumes that, in a healthy state, the physical performances across both lower extremities are and should be equal. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of limb asymmetries >10% in the uninjured pediatric population on common PPTs as well as to explore the relationship between athlete variables, limb preference, and LSI values. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included healthy volunteers (N = 100) evenly distributed between the ages of 6 and 18 years (mean age, 11.7 ± 3.6 years; 52% female). Participants performed 9 common PPTs. For analysis, we developed a composite score for each limb by averaging trials. We then calculated the LSI for each test. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between athlete variables (age, sex, height, and weight) and LSI for each PPT. Results: Instances of poor baseline limb symmetry (<90% LSI) were common across all PPTs. The single-leg timed hop had the highest percentage of participants, with LSI ≥90% at 73%, while the stork on a Bosu ball had the lowest percentage at 23%. After adjusting for age, female sex showed a significant association with LSI for the stork test ( P = .010) and the quadrant hop–counterclockwise ( P = .021). Additionally, after adjusting for sex, increasing age showed a significant association with LSI for the stork test ( P < .001), single-leg squat on a Bosu ball ( P = .010), quadrant hop–clockwise ( P = .016), and quadrant hop–counterclockwise ( P = .009). Conclusion: The majority of healthy athletes 18 years and younger demonstrated significant (<90%) limb asymmetries. Limb symmetry was not consistently affected by participant age or sex, and the effect sizes of these relationships were small. These findings should encourage clinicians and coaches to exercise caution in using the LSI as an isolated measure of RTS readiness after injury in pediatric athletes.

scholarly journals Short gastrocnemius

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Samuel Machado ◽  
Marcelo Rassweiler Hardt ◽  
André Bergamaschi Demore ◽  
Antônio Kim ◽  
Leandro Marcantonio Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orthopaedic Practice ◽  
Orthopaedic Patients ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Calf Pain

Objective: To determine the prevalence of short gastrocnemius in orthopaedic patients treated in the emergency room and the foot and ankle outpatient clinic of a public hospital and to evaluate the relationship between prevalence and certain specific symptoms. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted using a questionnaire completed by patients treated in February 2018. Results: Of the 160 patients studied, 21 (13.1%) had a diagnosis of shortening of the gastrocnemius. The condition was more prevalent in females than in males, with no differences in race, age, laterality or occupation. The most commonly associated symptoms were calf pain, back pain, equinism and metatarsalgia, which were all present in more than 2/3 of cases. Conclusion: Shortening of the gastrocnemius is a fairly common pathology that deserves greater attention in orthopaedic practice. Additional studies are needed to better correlate epidemiological findings with this pathology. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostics Studies.

Significant Effect of Gender on Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Strength Ratio and Static Balance in Prepubescent Children from 7 to 12 Years of Age

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Holm ◽  
Nina Vøllestad
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Hamstring Muscles

Background A number of studies have reported lower muscular strength of the hamstring and the quadriceps and better postural control in female compared with male athletes. Whether those differences are innate and also exist in children and adolescents or are caused by training and participation in different sports is unknown. Hypothesis Gender differences in hamstring and quadriceps muscular strength and static balance exist even before maturity. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 368 children between 7 and 12 years of age participated in the study. They performed isokinetic concentric hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength measurements at 60 and 240 deg/s and a static balance test using the KAT 2000. Data analysis consisted of independent-samples t tests and multiple regression analysis. Results Gender had a significant effect on both the hamstring/quadriceps (HQ) ratios and static balance in children between 7 and 12 years of age. Except for the 7-year-old participants, boys showed significantly higher HQ ratios than the girls in every age group, indicating that the hamstring muscles in girls were relatively weak when compared with the quadriceps muscles. There was also a gender effect on the balance index with better balance in girls than boys. Conclusion There is a significant gender difference in HQ ratios and static balance in children between 8 and 12 years of age. Because many children start their handball careers before the age of 10 years, the present findings indicate that prevention programs including hamstring strength training should be prescribed at an earlier age than recommended in previously published studies.

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