scholarly journals Neurocognitive and Neurophysiological Functions Related to ACL Injury: A Framework for Neurocognitive Approaches in Rehabilitation and Return-to-Sports Tests

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110292
Author(s):  
Daghan Piskin ◽  
Anne Benjaminse ◽  
Panagiotis Dimitrakis ◽  
Alli Gokeler
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Return To Sports ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Context: Only 55% of the athletes return to competitive sports after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Athletes younger than 25 years who return to sports have a second injury rate of 23%. There may be a mismatch between rehabilitation contents and the demands an athlete faces after returning to sports. Current return-to-sports (RTS) tests utilize closed and predictable motor skills; however, demands on the field are different. Neurocognitive functions are essential to manage dynamic sport situations and may fluctuate after peripheral injuries. Most RTS and rehabilitation paradigms appear to lack this aspect, which might be linked to increased risk of second injury. Objective: This systematic and scoping review aims to map existing evidence about neurocognitive and neurophysiological functions in athletes, which could be linked to ACL injury in an integrated fashion and bring an extensive perspective to assessment and rehabilitation approaches. Data Sources: PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2005 and 2020 using the keywords ACL, brain, cortical, neuroplasticity, cognitive, cognition, neurocognition, and athletes. Study Selection: Studies investigating either neurocognitive or neurophysiological functions in athletes and linking these to ACL injury regardless of their design and technique were included. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: The demographic, temporal, neurological, and behavioral data revealing possible injury-related aspects were extracted and summarized. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Deficits in different neurocognitive domains and changes in neurophysiological functions could be a predisposing risk factor for, or a consequence caused by, ACL injuries. Conclusion: Clinicians should view ACL injuries not only as a musculoskeletal but also as a neural lesion with neurocognitive and neurophysiological aspects. Rehabilitation and RTS paradigms should consider these changes for assessment and interventions after injury.

scholarly journals Tendency of Driving to the Basket Is Associated With Increased Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in National Basketball Association Players: A Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 232596712110529
Author(s):  
Blake J. Schultz ◽  
Kevin A. Thomas ◽  
Mark Cinque ◽  
Joshua D. Harris ◽  
William J. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Level Performance

Background: Driving to the basket in basketball involves acceleration, deceleration, and lateral movements, which may expose players to increased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. It is unknown whether players who heavily rely on driving have decreased performance on returning to play after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Hypothesis: Players with a greater tendency to drive to the basket would be more likely to tear their ACL versus noninjured controls and would experience decreased performance when returning to play after ACLR. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Season-level performance statistics and ACL injuries were aggregated for National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons between 1980 and 2017 from publicly available sources. Players’ tendency to drive was calculated using 49 common season-level performance metrics. Each ACL-injured player was matched with 2 noninjured control players by age, league experience, and style of play metrics. Points, playing minutes, driving, and 3-point shooting tendencies were compared between players with ACL injuries and matched controls. Independent-samples t test was utilized for comparisons. Results: Of 86 players with a total of 96 ACL tears identified in the NBA, 50 players were included in the final analysis. Players who experienced an ACL tear had a higher career-average drive tendency than controls ( P = .047). Players with career-average drive tendency ≥1 standard deviation above the mean were more likely to tear their ACL than players with drive tendency <1 standard deviation (5.2% vs 2.7%; P = .026). There was no significant difference in total postinjury career points ( P = .164) or career minutes ( P = .237) between cases and controls. There was also no significant change in drive tendency ( P = .152) or 3-point shooting tendency ( P = .508) after return to sport compared with controls. Conclusion: NBA players with increased drive tendency were more likely to tear their ACL. However, players who were able to return after ACLR did not underperform compared with controls and did not alter their style of play compared with the normal changes seen with age. This information can be used to target players with certain playing styles for ACL injury prevention programs.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphisms in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Current Concepts Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596712110253
Author(s):  
Tayt M. Ellison ◽  
Ilexa Flagstaff ◽  
Anthony E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Postsurgical Outcomes

Background: Although most anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in male athletes, female athletes are consistently observed to be at a higher risk for sports-specific ACL injury. Purpose: To provide a thorough review of what is known about the sexual dimorphisms in ACL injury to guide treatment and prevention strategies and future research. Study Design: Narrative review. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search for ACL-related studies published between January 1982 and September 2017 to identify pertinent studies regarding ACL injury epidemiology, prevention strategies, treatment outcomes, and dimorphisms. By performing a broad ACL injury search, we initially identified 11,453 articles. After applying additional qualifiers, we retained articles if they were published in English after 1980 and focused on sex-specific differences in any of 8 different topics: sex-specific reporting, difference in sports, selective training, hormonal effects, genetics, neuromuscular and kinematic control, anatomic differences, and outcomes. Results: A total of 122 articles met the inclusion criteria. In sum, the literature review indicated that female athletes are at significantly higher risk for ACL injuries than are their male counterparts, but the exact reasons for this were not clear. Initial studies focused on intrinsic differences between the sexes, whereas recent studies have shifted to focus on extrinsic factors to explain the increased risk. It is likely both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to this increased risk, but further study is needed. In addition to female patients having an increased risk for ACL injuries, they are less likely than are male patients to undergo reconstructive surgery, and they experience worse postsurgical outcomes. Despite this, reconstructive surgery remains the gold standard when knee stability, return to sports, and high functional outcome scores are the goal, but further research is needed to determine why there is disparity in surgical rates and what surgical techniques optimize postsurgical outcomes for female patients. Conclusion: Male athletes often predominated the research concerning ACL injury and treatment, and although sex-specific reporting is progressing, it has historically been deficient. ACL injuries, prevention techniques, and ACL reconstruction require further research to maximize the health potential of at-risk female athletes.

scholarly journals A Tomahawk Shaped Femur is a Risk Factor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0001
Author(s):  
Thomas Pfeiffer ◽  
Jeremy Burnham ◽  
Elmar Herbst ◽  
Sven Shafizadeh ◽  
Volker Musahl
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Bony morphologic characteristics have been demonstrated to increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The purpose of the study was to examine distal femoral morphology relative to ACL injury, reconstruction failure, and contralateral ACL injury. It was hypothesized that an increased posterior femoral condylar depth, quantified as the tomahawk ratio, would correlate with increased risk of primary ACL ruptures, ACL reconstruction failures, and contralateral ACL injuries. Consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery at an academic medical center from 2012-2016 with minimum 24-month follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were stratified into four groups: a control group consisting of patients with no ACL injuries and three groups of patients with a primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, or previous ACL injury with subsequent contralateral ACL injury. Using lateral radiographs, the ratio of posterior condylar depth over total condylar distance was defined as the tomahawk ratio. Analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc testing were used to test for differences in the mean tomahawk ratio between study groups (p<0.05). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the optimal tomahawk ratio cut-off for detecting increased risk for ACL injury 175 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean tomahawk ratios in the control group, primary ACL injury group, failed ACL reconstruction group, and contralateral ACL injury group were 61.1% (± 2.1), 64.2% (± 3.8), 64.4% (± 3.6), and 66.9% (± 4.0), respectively. Patients with a primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, or contralateral ACL injury had a significantly higher tomahawk ratio compared to the control group (p<0.008). ROC analysis demonstrated a tomahawk ratio of 63% or greater to be associated with an increased risk for ACL injury with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 71%. The data from this study show that an increased posterior femoral condylar depth, or tomahawk ratio, is associated with increased risk of ACL injury, including primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, and contralateral ACL injury. Readily identifiable risk factors, such as an increased tomahawk ratio, could assist clinicians in identifying at-risk individuals who may experience greater benefit from targeted ACL injury prevention counseling and intervention. The presence of the tomahawk-shaped femur could also be used to guide treatment decisions and identify ACL reconstruction patients who may benefit from additional surgical procedures such as extra articular tenodesis.

scholarly journals Alpine Ski Racing Injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell C. Tarka ◽  
Annabelle Davey ◽  
Geordie C. Lonza ◽  
Casey M. O’Brien ◽  
John P. Delaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Ski Racers

Context: This article reviews the epidemiology of alpine ski racing–related injuries, risk factors, mechanisms of injury, and injury prevention strategies. Evidence Acquisition: Pertinent literature from peer-reviewed publications from 1976 through 2018. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: The rate of injury in alpine ski racing is high. In general, knee injuries are the most common, with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruptions being the most significant in terms of time loss from sport. Three specific mechanisms of ACL injury in alpine ski racers have recently been described (slip-catch, dynamic snowplow, and landing back-weighted). In contrast to other sports, female ski racers are not clearly at greater risk for ACL injury, especially at the highest level of competition. A high percentage of ski racers are able to return to their previous level of competition after ACL injury. Risk factors for injury and methods of injury prevention have been proposed; however, the rate of injury, particularly ACL injuries, has not decreased significantly. Conclusion: Alpine ski racing has a high injury rate. ACL injuries in particular remain problematic. Further study is needed to identify modifiable risk factors and implementation of injury prevention strategies.

Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in the National Football League

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652110101
Author(s):  
Riann M. Palmieri-Smith ◽  
Christina D. Mack ◽  
Robert H. Brophy ◽  
Brett D. Owens ◽  
Mackenzie M. Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common in contact athletics and have a significant effect on the athletic performance and well-being of affected players. The prevalence, timing, and characteristics of ACL tears in National Football League (NFL) athletes are lacking. Purpose: To define the epidemiology of ACL tears among NFL athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: This retrospective study includes all ACL injuries entered into the NFL injury database through the centralized leaguewide electronic health record system for the 2015-2019 seasons. Results: A total of 314 ACL injuries occurred during the 5-year study period, with a mean of 62 per year. The overall 1-season injury risk of an NFL player sustaining an ACL injury was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.1%). Most ACL injuries occurred during games (n = 199), with a higher rate observed in the preseason games as compared with the regular season games (6.1 vs 2.7 per 10,000 player-plays; P < .01). NFL players with ≤3 of experience had a higher preseason injury rate (9.57 ACL tears per 1000 player-seasons) than those with ≥4 years of experience (5.12 ACL tears per 1000 player-seasons; P < .01). NFL athletes playing on special teams had the highest rate of ACL injuries (7.6 per 10,000 player-plays) in comparison with all other player positions. Conclusion: ACL injury incidence was fairly consistent across all years studied and occurred more frequently in players with ≤3 years of NFL experience. Tears were more common during games, special teams play, and the preseason.

Quadriceps Control: A Key Factor in Coping With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn N. Williams ◽  
Peter J. Barrance ◽  
Lynn Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Thomas S. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Return To Sports ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Approximately 250,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in the United States each year. Most people cannot return to sports after an ACL injury without surgical intervention (Non-copers), but some can (Copers). Recent research suggests that the ability to cope with ACL injury is most likely related to neuromuscular function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuromuscular control strategies of ACL deficient (ACL-D) Non-copers, ACL-D Copers, and people with uninjured knees using an established target-matching protocol, electromyography (EMG) of 10 muscles acting at the knee, and circular statistics methods. Thirty-two people (12 Non-Copers, 8 Copers, and 12 people without a history of knee injury) volunteered to participate in the study. The ACL-D subjects demonstrated diminished neuromuscular control when their muscle activity patterns were compared to those of the uninjured subjects. The key difference between the Copers and Non-copers was that Copers demonstrated better quadriceps control than the Non-copers. This study may have important implications for the treatment of people who sustain ACL injuries.

scholarly journals Self-Reported Fear Predicts Functional Performance and Second ACL Injury After ACL Reconstruction and Return to Sport: A Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark V. Paterno ◽  
Kaitlyn Flynn ◽  
Staci Thomas ◽  
Laura C. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Functional Testing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are highly variable. Previous studies have failed to report the relationship between fear, objective measures of function, and reinjury rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fear was related to functional performance measures and risk of second ACL injury after ACLR and return to sport (RTS). Hypothesis: Fear will be associated with performance on functional testing and second ACL injury rate. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 40 patients cleared to RTS after ACLR completed the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), hop testing, and quadriceps strength testing, bilaterally. Patients were tracked for 12 months after RTS to identify the incidence of second ACL injury. Chi-square analyses determined whether patients with high fear (TSK-11, ≥17) were more likely to have lower levels of activity, greater asymmetry on functional testing, and higher reinjury rates. Results: Patients with greater fear on the TSK-11 (≥17) at RTS were 4 times (odds ratio [OR], 3.73; 95% CI, 0.98-14.23) more likely to report lower levels of activity, 7 times (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 1.5-33.0) more likely to have a hop limb symmetry lower than 95%, and 6 times (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.3-27.8) more likely to have quadriceps strength symmetry lower than 90%. Patients who went on to suffer an ipsilateral second ACL injury had a greater TSK-11 score at the time of RTS (mean, 19.8 ± 4.0) than those who did not suffer a second ACL injury (mean, 16.4 ± 3.6) ( P = 0.03). Patients with a TSK-11 score of 19 or greater at the time of RTS were 13 times (relative risk, 13.0; 95% CI, 2.1-81.0) more likely to suffer a second ACL tear within 24 months after RTS. Conclusion: Patients with greater self-reported fear were less active, presented with lower single-leg hop performance and isometric quadriceps strength, and had an increased risk of suffering a second ACL injury in the 24 months after RTS. Clinical Relevance: Self-reported fear of movement/reinjury after ACLR at the time of RTS may be an important measure to incorporate into discharge criteria prior to release to return to pivoting and cutting sports after ACLR.

Management of the female anterior cruciate ligament: current concepts

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Nicholas Vaudreuil ◽  
Justin Roe ◽  
Lucy Salmon ◽  
Elvire Servien ◽  
Carola van Eck
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Female athletes represent a unique challenge for sports medicine providers. Care for skeletally mature female athletes requires an understanding of the distinct physiology, risk factors and injury patterns that have been described in this population. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are commonly observed in female athletes, especially in high-risk sports such as soccer, basketball, lacrosse and volleyball. Women have been shown to be at a higher risk for ACL injury compared with their male peers, even competing in the same sport. Several factors must be considered when discussing the increased risk of ACL injuries in women. Anatomic factors and altered landing mechanics alignment contribute to increased forces seen at the ACL. A variety of other factors including altered neuromuscular profiles, hormonal factors and genetic factors may all play a role in increased predisposition towards ACL injury. Prevention strategies for ACL such as proprioceptive training may be helpful, especially for at-risk activities such as landing and cutting drills. Optimal surgical management including graft choice is an area of debate. Postoperatively, return to sport protocols are not well standardised for female athletes. Women have a lower return to sport frequency, and psychological factors such as fear of reinjury are often cited as a predominant factor. Overall, the influence of female gender on ACL injury treatment has been an area of heavy research recently. However, more research is needed to elicit the reasons for physical and psychological differences between men and women in order to clarify optimal postoperative management.

scholarly journals Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Sumo Wrestlers: A Case Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596712090369
Author(s):  
Sadanori Shimizu ◽  
Tsuyoshi Nagase ◽  
Tomohiko Tateishi ◽  
Teruhiko Nakagawa ◽  
Masamitsu Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common traumatic injuries in professional sumo wrestlers. Further, ipsilateral reinjuries or contralateral ACL injuries after ACL reconstruction can occur in sumo wrestlers. The incidence of ipsilateral reinjury and contralateral ACL injury after ACL reconstruction ranges from 3% to 13% in a healthy athletic population. Purpose: To investigate the current status of second ACL injuries after ACL reconstruction in sumo wrestlers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Between 1988 and 2015, a total of 139 primary ACL reconstructions were performed in professional sumo wrestlers at our hospital. After exclusion of cases of multiple ligament knee reconstruction and patients in whom the contralateral ACL had been injured previously, 110 cases were included in this study. We investigated the number of second injuries, time from primary reconstruction to second injury, treatment method, and change in official sumo ranking after second injuries. The chi-square test, Student t test, and Fisher exact text were used for statistical analysis. Results: Among 110 wrestlers who underwent ACL reconstruction, second injuries after primary ACL reconstruction occurred in 22 cases (20.0%). Among them, 14 cases (12.7%) entailed ipsilateral reinjury, 11 (10.0%) entailed contralateral injury, and 3 involved combined rerupture and contralateral injury. As for surgical treatment, 5 revision ACL reconstructions were performed for ipsilateral reinjury (35.7%), and 7 ACL reconstructions were performed for contralateral injury (63.6%). Surgical treatment was not performed for the remaining cases. Wrestlers who were treated by revision or contralateral ACL reconstruction after the second injury were demoted in rank for 3 to 4 tournaments but overtook the nonoperative treatment group in ranking by 2 years postoperatively; all athletes initially were demoted in rank after the second injury. Conclusion: This study is the first to investigate instances of ipsilateral reinjuries and contralateral ACL injuries after ACL reconstruction in professional athletes in heavyweight combat sports. The incidences of ipsilateral reinjury and contralateral ACL injury after ACL reconstruction in professional sumo wrestlers were relatively higher than those reported in previous studies.

scholarly journals Injuries to the anterolateral ligament are observed more frequently compared to lesions to the deep iliotibial tract (Kaplan fibers) in anterior cruciate ligamant deficient knees using magnetic resonance imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Runer ◽  
Dietmar Dammerer ◽  
Christoph Kranewitter ◽  
Johannes M. Giesinger ◽  
Benjamin Henninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Anterolateral Ligament ◽  
Anatomical Reconstruction ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Iliotibial Tract ◽  
Anterolateral Complex ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Combined Injuries

Abstract Purpose To determine the accuracy of detection, injury rate and inter- and intrarater reproducibility in visualizing lesions to the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and the deep portion of the iliotibial tract (dITT) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees. Methods Ninety-one consecutive patients, out of those 25 children (age 14.3 ± 3.5 years), with diagnosed ACL tears were included. Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed MRI data focusing on accuracy of detection and potential injuries to the ALL or dITT. Lesion were diagnosed in case of discontinued fibers in combination with intra- or peri-ligamentous edema and graded as intact, partial or complete tears. Cohen’s Kappa and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined for inter- and intrarater reliability measures. Results The ALL and dITT were visible in 52 (78.8%) and 56 (84.8%) of adult-and 25 (100%) and 19 (76.0%) of pediatric patients, respectively. The ALL was injured in 45 (58.5%; partial: 36.4%, compleate: 22.1%) patients. Partial and comleate tears, where visualized in 21 (40.4%) and 16 (30.8%) adult- and seven (28.0%) and one (4%) peditric patients. A total of 16 (21.3%; partial: 13.3%, compleate: 8.0%) dITT injuries were identified. Partal and complete lesions were seen in seven (12.5%) and five (8.9%) adult- and three (15.8%) and one (5.3%) pediatric patients. Combined injuries were visualized in nine (12.7%) patients. Inter-observer (0.91–0.95) and intra-observer (0.93–0.95) reproducibility was high. Conclusion In ACL injured knees, tears of the ALL are observed more frequently compared to lesions to the deep iliotibial tract. Combined injuries of both structures are rare. Clinically, the preoperative visualization of potentially injured structures of the anterolateral knee is crucial and is important for a more personalized preoperative planning and tailored anatomical reconstruction. The clinical implication of injuries to the anterolateral complex of the knee needs further investigation. Level of evidence II.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document