School Nurses on the Front Lines of Health Care: How to Help Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder Navigate a Meltdown in School

Through a presented case scenario, this article describes the assessment and management of behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the pediatric population, with mnemonics as a memory tool. Although students present mainly to the school nurses’ office with physical complaints, there are many mental health concerns in the school-age population with emotional and physical consequences, particularly among students with ASD. Typically considered a developmental disorder, ASD affects communication and behavior with a wide range of symptoms that can vary in severity from person to person. It is important to understand the presentation and management of common pediatric mental health issues at school to be on the front line of your students’ health.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bangladesh Journal of Child Health ◽

10.3329/bjch.v43i1.41217 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Md Kamruzzaman ◽

Mirza Md Ziaul Islam ◽

Abu Bakkir Siddique ◽

Mohammed Rizwanul Ahsan ◽

AZM Mosiul Azam

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Repetitive Behaviors ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Language Therapy ◽

Educational Support ◽

Wide Range ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Behavior

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the name for a group of developmental disorders. ASD affects social interaction, communication, interests and behavior. It includes a wide range, “a spectrum,” of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability. It affects how a person acts and interacts with others, communicates, and learns. Children with ASD might have problems talking with others, or they might not look in the eye when one talks to them. They may often seem to be in their “own world.” People with ASD often have these characteristics: ongoing social problems that include difficulty communicating and interacting with others; repetitive behaviors as well as limited interests or activities; symptoms that typically are recognized in the first two years of life; symptoms that hurt the individual’s ability to function socially, at school or work, or other areas of life. Some people are mildly impaired by their symptoms, while others are severely disabled. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) around 1 in 68 children has been identified with some form of ASD. The symptoms are present before three years of age, although a diagnosis can sometimes be made after the age of three. More boys are diagnosed with the condition than girls. There is no “cure” for ASD, but speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, educational support, plus a number of other interventions are available to help children and parents. Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (1) :41-48

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COVID-19 Related Challenges and Advice from Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

SciMedicine Journal ◽

10.28991/scimedj-2020-02-si-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 73-82

Author(s):

China I. Parenteau ◽

Stephen Bent ◽

Bushra Hossain ◽

Yingtong Chen ◽

Felicia Widjaja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Positive Coping ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Wide Range ◽

Families With Children ◽

And Behavior

With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic and shelter-in-place, families with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face a unique set of challenges related to a diverse set of issues. A qualitative study was conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews from fifteen parents of children and adolescents from a non-public school for children with ASD. Questions covered the following topic areas: general COVID-19 experiences and concerns, changes in the child’s mood and behavior, changes in parent mood and behavior, and coping/advice. Quotes and descriptions from the participants were reviewed and grouped into thematic areas. Findings showed that parents of children with ASD are facing a wide range of challenges, including explaining COVID-19 and safety precautions to their child in a comprehensible way, assisting with e-learning, and guiding their child back into social situations and the community. As children with ASD have difficulties with transitions, parents stated the importance of creating structure in the home by creating schedules and boundaries, while allowing for flexibility as to not over enforce the rigidity children with autism often face. Advice on coping with the additional stressors were also shared. Parents recommended finding time for themselves to reset, utilizing support systems, and reflecting on daily pleasures as positive coping mechanisms. This study aimed to both develop an initial guide for families, teachers and clinicians caring for children with ASD and to create awareness in the community about the challenges presented by COVID-19 and shelter-in-place.

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Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Human Factors Considerations and Usability Testing Guidelines

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181319631423 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 1575-1579

Author(s):

McKenna K. Tornblad ◽

Keith S. Jones ◽

Fethi A. Inan

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Human Factors ◽

Special Needs ◽

Usability Testing ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Design Considerations ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Behavior

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display an interest in and affinity for technology; however this population’s wide range of special needs is not often taken into account in technology design or usability testing. To assist human factors professionals in understanding this user population, we present a description of three domains of special needs for those with ASD: information processing, communication, and behavior. We then present a proposed model that human factors professionals could employ to understand the unique characteristics of individuals with ASD. We also synthesize research on design considerations for these users and present a composite list of recommendations for usability testing. Thus, this paper is intended to inform the human factors community of the unique characteristics of this user group, and provide guidelines for both design and usability testing.

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Characterizing therapist delivery of evidence-based intervention strategies in publicly funded mental health services for children with autism spectrum disorder: Differentiating practice patterns in usual care and AIM HI delivery

Autism ◽

10.1177/13623613211001614 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136236132110016

Author(s):

Eliana Hurwich-Reiss ◽

Colby Chlebowski ◽

Teresa Lind ◽

Kassandra Martinez ◽

Karin M Best ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Usual Care ◽

Teaching Strategies ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Active Teaching

This study identified patterns of therapist delivery of evidence-based intervention strategies with children with autism spectrum disorder within publicly funded mental health services and compared patterns for therapists delivering usual care to those trained in AIM HI (“An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for ASD”). Data were drawn from a randomized community effectiveness trial and included a subsample of 159 therapists (86% female) providing outpatient or school-based psychotherapy. Therapist strategies were measured via observational coding of psychotherapy session recordings. Exploratory factor analysis used to examine patterns of strategy delivery showed that among therapists in the usual care condition, strategies loaded onto the single factor, General Strategies, whereas for therapists in the AIM HI training condition, strategies grouped onto two factors, Autism Engagement Strategies and Active Teaching Strategies. Among usual care therapists, General Strategies were associated with an increase in child behavior problems, whereas for AIM HI therapists, Active Teaching Strategies were associated with reductions in child behavior problems over 18 months. Results support the effectiveness of training therapists in evidence-based interventions to increase the specificity of strategies delivered to children with autism spectrum disorder served in publicly funded mental health settings. Findings also support the use of active teaching strategies in reducing challenging behaviors. Lay abstract This study was conducted to identify patterns of therapist delivery of evidence-based intervention strategies with children with autism spectrum disorder receiving publicly funded mental health services and compare strategy use for therapists delivering usual care to those trained to deliver AIM HI (“An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for ASD”), an intervention designed to reduce challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. For therapists trained in AIM HI, intervention strategies grouped onto two factors, Autism Engagement Strategies and Active Teaching Strategies, while strategies used by usual care therapists grouped onto a broader single factor, General Strategies. Among usual care therapists, General Strategies were related to an increase in child behavior problems, whereas for AIM HI therapists, Active Teaching Strategies were related with reductions in child behavior problems over 18 months. Findings support the use of active teaching strategies in reducing challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder and provide support for the effectiveness of training therapists in evidence-based interventions to promote the delivery of targeted, specific intervention strategies to children with autism spectrum disorder in mental health services.

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Mental health correlates and potential childhood predictors for the wish to be of the opposite sex in young autistic adults

Autism ◽

10.1177/13623613211024098 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136236132110240

Author(s):

Jung-Chi Chang ◽

Meng-Chuan Lai ◽

Yueh-Ming Tai ◽

Susan Shur-Fen Gau

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Item Endorsement ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

Autistic Adults

Cross-sectional research has demonstrated the overrepresentation of gender dysphoria in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder. However, the predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence remain unclear. This follow-up study aimed to explore baseline (childhood/adolescence) predictors for the follow-up (adulthood) self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex and to investigate its mental health correlates in a sample of 88 autistic individuals as compared with 42 typically developing controls. An item on the Adult Self-Report Inventory-4, “I wish I was the opposite sex,” was used. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement. We used prediction models to explore family and autism-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to endorse this item in adulthood. There were more adults endorsing the item in the autism spectrum disorder group compared with the typically developing group. Autistic adults who endorsed the item experienced more mental health challenges, more bullying victimization, more suicidal ideations, and worse quality of life. Lower parent-reported family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. It is necessary to raise more attention to gender development and related mental health impact in autistic individuals. Lay abstract Autistic people/people with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to experience gender dysphoria. However, the possible longitudinal predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence are unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed 88 people with autism spectrum disorder and 42 typically developing individuals at their average ages of 13.0 (baseline, childhood/adolescence) and 20.2 years old (follow-up, adulthood). At follow-up, their endorsement on the item “I wish I was the opposite sex” was used to evaluate gender dysphoric symptoms. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement at the follow-up assessment. We explored parent-reported family and autism characteristics-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to this item endorsement in adulthood. We found that more autistic adults reported the wish to be of the opposite sex than did typically developing individuals. Autistic adults who endorsed this item experienced more mental health challenges, more school bullying and cyberbullying, more suicidal ideation, and worse quality of life. Moreover, parent-reported lower family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. More attention and support should be provided to autistic people regarding gender development and related mental health and quality of life impact, especially during the transition period to young adulthood.

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Mental health difficulties among trans and gender diverse young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD): findings from Trans Pathways

Journal of Psychiatric Research ◽

10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.005 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Penelope Strauss ◽

Angus Cook ◽

Vanessa Watson ◽

Sam Winter ◽

Andrew Whitehouse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Young People ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Gender Diverse ◽

Mental Health Difficulties ◽

And Gender

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Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic

Research in Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 103873

Author(s):

Youssef Althiabi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Mental Health Care ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Health Care Needs ◽

Care Needs

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Renaming schizophrenia: 5 × 5

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences ◽

10.1017/s2045796018000586 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (03) ◽

pp. 254-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sinan Guloksuz ◽

Jim van Os

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Well Being ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Long Run ◽

The Social ◽

Technical Features ◽

In The Beginning

AbstractThere had been a long way to go before we felt comfortable about even discussing the issues revolving around the concept of ‘schizophrenia’, let alone reckoning on mere semantic revision. In this editorial, we aim to extend our discussion on the reasons behind the slow death of the concept of ‘schizophrenia’ and the benefits of changing the name and embracing a spectrum approach with an umbrella psychosis spectrum disorder (PSD) category (similar to autism spectrum disorder) that goes further than a mere semantic revision. We attempted to cover the topic of the renaming by providing five most pertinent points categorised under five domains: reasons, signals, challenges, promises and steps for the change. Admittedly, even a modest revision, such as classifying all psychotic disorder categories under an umbrella category of PSD, and abolishing the term schizophrenia requires careful deliberation and some effort in the beginning, but the revision is well worth the effort considering the benefits in the long run. Renaming a particular form of mental suffering should be accompanied by a broader debate of the entire diagnosis-evidence-based-practice (EBP)-symptom-reduction model as the normative factor driving the content and organisation of mental health services that may be detached from patients’ needs and reality, overlooks the trans-syndromal structure of mental difficulties, appraises the significance of the technical features over the relational and ritual components of care, and underestimates the lack of EBP group-to-individual generalisability. Individuals may make great strides in attaining well-being by accommodating to living with mental vulnerabilities through building resilience in the social and existential domains. Changing the name and the concept of ‘schizophrenia’, which goes beyond a mere semantic revision, may become the first step that allows catalysation of the process of modernising psychiatric science and services worldwide.

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