scholarly journals Resolving the Human–Object Divide in Sexual Objectification: How We Settle the Categorization Conflict When Categorizing Objectified and Nonobjectified Human Targets

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-569
Author(s):  
Jeroen Vaes ◽  
Carlotta Cogoni ◽  
Antonio Calcagnì
Keyword(s):  
Response Competition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Distractor Object ◽  
Human Object ◽  
Sequential Unfolding

Using a mouse-tracking technique, we measured the strength and the temporal unfolding of the conflict when people categorize objectified and nonobjectified human stimuli in the human or object category. We recorded participants’ hand movements when they categorized male and female, objectified and nonobjectified, human, and doll-like stimuli in the person and object categories. As expected, objectified women created a stronger categorization conflict compared to all other human stimuli. The nature of the mouse trajectories indicated that this response competition was caused by the distractor (object category) rather than the target (person category) and showed to be smooth rather than abrupt suggesting dynamic competition between the object–human categories rather than the sequential unfolding of a dual process. These findings demonstrate that the human–object divide fades when women (but not men) are objectified. The implications of the current findings for theorizing on processes of sexual objectification are discussed.

scholarly journals Limits on visual awareness of object targets in the context of other object category masks: Investigating bottlenecks in the continuous flash suppression paradigm with hand and tool stimuli

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Zopf ◽  
Stefan R. Schweinberger ◽  
Anina N. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Image Characteristics ◽  
Hand Tool ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cortical Representations

AbstractOur capacity to become aware of visual stimuli is limited. Investigating these limits, Cohen et al. (2015, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience) found that certain object categories (e.g., faces) were more effective in blocking awareness of other categories (e.g., buildings) than other combinations (e.g., cars/chairs) in the continuous flash suppression (CFS) task. They also found that more category-pair representational similarity in higher visual cortex was related to longer category-pair breakthrough times suggesting a high-level representational architecture bottleneck for visual awareness. As the cortical representations of hands and tools overlap, these categories are ideal to test this further. We conducted CFS experiments and predicted longer breakthrough times for hands/tools compared to other pairs. In contrast to these predictions, participants were generally faster at detecting targets masked by hands or tools compared to other mask categories when giving manual (Experiment 1) or vocal responses (Experiment 2). Furthermore, we found the same inefficient mask effect for hands in the context of the categories used by Cohen et al. (2015) and found a similar behavioural pattern as the original paper (Experiment 3). Exploring potential low-level explanations, we found that the category average for edges (e.g. hands have less detail compared to cars) was the best predictor for the data. However, these category-specific image characteristics could not completely account for the Cohen et al. (2015) category pattern or for the hand/tool effects. Thus, several low- and high-level object category-specific limits for visual awareness are plausible and more investigations are needed to further tease these apart.

Naming as a function of linguistic form-class and object categories

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Michael Akiyama ◽  
Sharon A. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Category Information ◽  
Count Nouns ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Amorphous Substances

ABSTRACTWe examined whether children rely on linguistic information (i.e. mass vs. count nouns) or object category information (i.e. objects vs. substances) when they name things. A grinder test was used, in which substances (e.g. water) maintain identity through transformation but objects (e.g. a cup) do not. Thirty children aged three through six were asked if the same name could be used for the same item after transformation. The items included pairs of amorphous substances and discrete objects (e.g. water – a cup), perceptually similar discrete objects (e.g. chalk – a crayon), and food items (e.g. corn – a bean). Children accepted the same name for food, ignoring linguistic information, and for objects, relying on linguistic information. In Experiment 2, 32 children aged five through eight were asked if the same name could be used for unfamiliar hardware and food items after transformation when they were labelled by nonsense mass and count nouns. Children tended to use the same name for food, relying on perceptual information. These results are discussed in terms of the active conceptualization about names of objects in relation to object characteristics.

Spatial Frequency Tolerant Visual Object Representations in the Human Ventral and Dorsal Visual Processing Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam ◽  
JohnMark Taylor ◽  
Yaoda Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Object Categories

Primate ventral and dorsal visual pathways both contain visual object representations. Dorsal regions receive more input from magnocellular system while ventral regions receive inputs from both magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Due to potential differences in the spatial sensitivites of manocellular and parvocellular systems, object representations in ventral and dorsal regions may differ in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales. To test this prediction, we asked observers to view blocks of images from six object categories, shown in full spectrum, high spatial frequency (SF), or low SF. We found robust object category decoding in all SF conditions as well as SF decoding in nearly all the early visual, ventral, and dorsal regions examined. Cross-SF decoding further revealed that object category representations in all regions exhibited substantial tolerance across the SF components. No difference between ventral and dorsal regions was found in their preference for the different SF components. Further comparisons revealed that, whereas differences in the SF component separated object category representations in early visual areas, such a separation was much smaller in downstream ventral and dorsal regions. In those regions, variations among the object categories played a more significant role in shaping the visual representational structures. Our findings show that ventral and dorsal regions are similar in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales and argue against a dissociation of these regions based on differential sensitivity to different SFs.

scholarly journals A humanness dimension to visual object coding in the brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika W. Contini ◽  
Erin Goddard ◽  
Tijl Grootswagers ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
Thomas Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Human Object ◽  
Object Coding ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Higher Order Models

AbstractNeuroimaging studies investigating human object recognition have largely focused on a relatively small number of object categories, in particular, faces, bodies, scenes, and vehicles. More recent studies have taken a broader focus, investigating hypothesised dichotomies, for example animate versus inanimate, and continuous feature dimensions, such as biologically similarity. These studies typically have used stimuli that are clearly identified as animate or inanimate, neglecting objects that may not fit into this dichotomy. We generated a novel stimulus set including standard objects and objects that blur the animate-inanimate dichotomy, for example robots and toy animals. We used MEG time-series decoding to study the brain’s emerging representation of these objects. Our analysis examined contemporary models of object coding such as dichotomous animacy, as well as several new higher order models that take into account an object’s capacity for agency (i.e. its ability to move voluntarily) and capacity to experience the world. We show that early brain responses are best accounted for by low-level visual similarity of the objects; and shortly thereafter, higher order models of agency/experience best explained the brain’s representation of the stimuli. Strikingly, a model of human-similarity provided the best account for the brain’s representation after an initial perceptual processing phase. Our findings provide evidence for a new dimension of object coding in the human brain – one that has a “human-centric” focus.

“I don’t mean to be a dick, but”

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-104
Author(s):  
Audrey C. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
University Classrooms ◽  
Point Of Departure

AbstractThis article explores the significance of paralipsis to analyses of affect and sociopolitical formation. Taking attested utterances from undergraduate anthropology courses as a point of departure, I examine how one White and female-identified student engaged in a sexualized form of paralipsis to claim distance from her own negative construal of the object-category “girls [that brag about community service].” Deploying what I termdick-rhetoric, in combination with strong affect and assertions of ideological common-sense, this student’s performance was effective at garnering stance ratification and “uptake” from classmates (Jaffe 2009), and facilitating the reproduction of gender and sexual hierarchies. Drawing onBrowne’s (2015)examination of denied racial subjectivity or “dark matter,” I argue that “dick matter” renders genderism and sexual objectification acceptable in university classrooms (among regimes, e.g., racial) – particularly for settings where professors do not engage students in critical exploration of dominant hierarchies and normalization processes. Discussion emphasizes the salience of engaging (ourselves and) students in examination of uses of paralipsis and dick-rhetoric for addressing gender and sexual inequalities.

scholarly journals Informative Neural Codes to Separate Object Categories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozhgan Shahmohammadi ◽  
Ehsan Vahab ◽  
Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Object Category ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Recognition Algorithms ◽  
Information Contents

AbstractIn order to develop object recognition algorithms, which can approach human-level recognition performance, researchers have been studying how the human brain performs recognition in the past five decades. This has already in-spired AI-based object recognition algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks, which are among the most successful object recognition platforms today and can approach human performance in specific tasks. However, it is not yet clearly known how recorded brain activations convey information about object category processing. One main obstacle has been the lack of large feature sets, to evaluate the information contents of multiple aspects of neural activations. Here, we compared the information contents of a large set of 25 features, extracted from time series of electroencephalography (EEG) recorded from human participants doing an object recognition task. We could characterize the most informative aspects of brain activations about object categories. Among the evaluated features, event-related potential (ERP) components of N1 and P2a were among the most informative features with the highest information in the Theta frequency bands. Upon limiting the analysis time window, we observed more information for features detecting temporally informative patterns in the signals. The results of this study can constrain previous theories about how the brain codes object category information.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructural investigation of spontaneous pituitary gonadotroph cell adenomas in aging Sprague-Dawley rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 702-703
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reticulin Fibers ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Gonadotroph cell adenomas of the pituitary are infrequent in human patients and are not invariably associated with altered gonadal function. To date, no animal model of this tumor type exists. Herein, we describe spontaneous gonadotroph cell adenomas in old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy.The material consisted of the pituitaries of 27 male and 38 female Sprague Dawley rats, all 26 months of age or older, removed at routine autopsy. Sections of formal in-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), the PAS method and the Gordon-Sweet technique for the demonstration of reticulin fibers. For immunostaining, sections were exposed to anti-rat β-LH, anti-ratβ-TSH, anti-rat PRL, anti-rat GH and anti-rat ACTH 1-39. For electron microscopy, tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4 and embedded in epoxy-resin. Tissue fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in epoxy resin without osmification, was used for immunoelectron microscopy.

Quantitative ultrastructural reconstruction of small regions within large volumes by correlative light and high voltage electron microscopy of serial 0.25-0.50 μm sections

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 578-581
Author(s):  
Conly L. Rieder ◽  
Frederick J. Miller ◽  
Edwin Davison ◽  
Samuel S. Bowser ◽  
Kirsten Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Meiotic Spindle ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
Sperm Aster

In this abstract we Illustrate how same-section correlative light and high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) of serial 0.25-0.50-μm sections can answer questions which are difficult to approach by EM of 60-100 nm sections.Starfish (Pisaster and Asterlas) eggs are fertilized at meiosis I when the oocyte contains two maternal centrosomes (e.g., asters) which form the poles of the first meiotic spindle. Immediately after fertilization a sperm aster is assembled in the vicinity of the male pronucleus and persists throughout meiosis. At syngamy the sperm aster splits to form the poles of the first mitotic spindle. During this time the functional and replicative properties of the maternal centrosome, inherited from the last meiotic division, are lost. The basis for this differential stability, of male and female centrosomes in the same cytoplasm, is a mystery.

A Tape Striation Counting Method for Determining Fundamental Frequency

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Mueller ◽  
Marla Adams ◽  
Jean Baehr-Rouse ◽  
Debbie Boos
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Counting Procedure ◽  
Female Subjects

Mean fundamental frequencies of male and female subjects obtained with FLORIDA I and a tape striation counting procedure were compared. The fundamental frequencies obtained with these two methods were similar and it appears that the tape striation counting procedure is a viable, simple, and inexpensive alternative to more costly and complicated procedures and instrumentation.

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