There Is No Primacy Effect in Interpersonal Perception: A Series of Preregistered Analyses Using Judgments of Actual Behavior

First impressions are commonly assumed to be particularly important: Information about a person that we obtain early on may shape our overall impression of that person more strongly than information obtained later. In contrast to previous research, the present series of preregistered analyses uses actual person judgment data to investigate this so-called primacy effect: Perceivers ( N = 1,395) judged the videotaped behavior of target persons ( N = 200) in 10 different situations. Separate subsamples of about 200 perceivers each were used in moving from exploratory to increasingly confirmatory analyses. Contrary to our expectations, no primacy effect was found. Instead, judgments of the targets in later situations were more strongly associated with overall impressions, indicating an acquaintance effect. Relying on early information seems unreasonable when more comprehensive information is readily available. Early information may, however, affect perceivers’ behavioral reactions to the targets and thus their future interactions, if such interactions are possible.

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X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109847 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 540-541

Author(s):

G. Cliff ◽

M.J. Nasir ◽

G.W. Lorimer ◽

N. Ridley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Weight Fraction ◽

Present Series ◽

Constant Independent ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

Image Position ◽

X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

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Modern TEM systems architecture

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100144486 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 602-605

Author(s):

U. Gross ◽

P. Hagemann

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Information Gathering ◽

Systems Architecture ◽

Control Functions ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

New Information ◽

Comprehensive Information ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Analytical Equipment

By addition of analytical equipment, scanning transmission accessories and data processing equipment the basic transmission electron microscope (TEM) has evolved into a comprehensive information gathering system. This extension has led to increased complexity of the instrument as compared with the straightforward imaging microscope, since in general new information capacity has required the addition of new control hardware. The increased operational complexity is reflected in a proliferation of knobs and buttons.In the conventional electron microscope design the operating panel of the instrument has distinct control elements to alter optical conditions of the microscope column in different modes. As a consequence a multiplicity of control functions has been inevitable. Examples of this are the three pairs of focus and magnification controls needed for TEM imaging, diffraction patterns, and STEM images.

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The Effect of Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss on Threshold-Duration Functions

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1104.842 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 842-852 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

H. N. Wright

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Time Constant ◽

Present Series ◽

Auditory Disorders ◽

Threshold Duration

Previous findings on the threshold for tones as a function of their duration have suggested that such functions may be systematically affected by sensori-neural hearing losses of cochlear origin. The present series of investigations was designed to explore this relation further and to determine also whether the amount of hearing loss present has any effect upon the results which are obtained. Preliminary studies were also carried out on a conductively impaired listener to indicate whether hearing losses of this type affect the threshold-duration function. The results indicate that the threshold-duration function is systematically affected by sensori-neural hearing losses of cochlear origin. This effect is manifested by a progressive shortening of the time constant relating threshold to duration and is not uniquely related to the amount of hearing loss present. The results obtained from the conductively impaired listener suggested that this type of hearing loss has no effect on the threshold-duration function, thereby implying that such functions may contribute significantly to the differential diagnosis of auditory disorders.

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What Can We Learn From Factorial Surveys About Human Behavior?

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Knut Petzold ◽

Tobias Wolbring

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Actual Behavior ◽

Full Time ◽

Factorial Survey ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Intended Behavior ◽

The Social ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

High Level

Abstract. Factorial survey experiments are increasingly used in the social sciences to investigate behavioral intentions. The measurement of self-reported behavioral intentions with factorial survey experiments frequently assumes that the determinants of intended behavior affect actual behavior in a similar way. We critically investigate this fundamental assumption using the misdirected email technique. Student participants of a survey were randomly assigned to a field experiment or a survey experiment. The email informs the recipient about the reception of a scholarship with varying stakes (full-time vs. book) and recipient’s names (German vs. Arabic). In the survey experiment, respondents saw an image of the same email. This validation design ensured a high level of correspondence between units, settings, and treatments across both studies. Results reveal that while the frequencies of self-reported intentions and actual behavior deviate, treatments show similar relative effects. Hence, although further research on this topic is needed, this study suggests that determinants of behavior might be inferred from behavioral intentions measured with survey experiments.

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Positive Associations Primacy in the IAT

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000106 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 376-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pasquale Anselmi ◽

Michelangelo Vianello ◽

Egidio Robusto

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

Rasch Measurement ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Association Test ◽

Primacy Effect ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Obese People ◽

Measurement Analysis ◽

Implicit Prejudice

Two studies investigated the different contribution of positive and negative associations to the size of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect. A Many-Facet Rasch Measurement analysis was applied for the purpose. Across different IATs (Race and Weight) and different groups of respondents (White, Normal weight, and Obese people) we observed that positive words increase the IAT effect whereas negative words tend to decrease it. Results suggest that the IAT is influenced by a positive associations primacy effect. As a consequence, we argue that researchers should be careful when interpreting IAT effects as a measure of implicit prejudice.

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