Does imagining interrupting the flow of urine really elicit contractions of the pelvic floor muscles in stress-incontinent postpartum women?

2021 ◽  
pp. 205141582110391
Author(s):  
Chidiebele P Ojukwu ◽  
Precious C Orji ◽  
Anne U Ezeigwe ◽  
Stephen S Ede ◽  
Adaora J Okemuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscles ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Level 2

Objectives: This study evaluated if imagining interrupting the flow of urine really elicits contractions of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in stress-incontinent postpartum women. Methods: A total of 21 postpartum women with recent vaginal deliveries performed four trials of Kegel’s exercises, each prompted by a different contraction technique. PFM activities were measured with a surface electromyography via a vaginal electrode. Inferential statistics of repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc analysis were performed to compare the effective recruitment of the PFMs across the four trials. Results: PFM activities significantly varied across the four trials ( p<0.001), with ‘imagination of interrupting urine flow’ eliciting the least muscular activity (25.40±10.98) and ‘abdominal bracing with hip adduction’ elicited the highest activity (49.67±11.33). Conclusion: Findings showed that utilizing many contraction techniques during Kegel’s education is more effective compared to educating patients with one contraction technique. Level of Evidence: Level 2.

scholarly journals Influence of Foot Orthotics and Intrinsic Factors on Strain Measurements in the Fifth Metatarsal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0025
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Hoffman ◽  
Rogerio C. Bitar ◽  
Daniel R. Sturnick ◽  
Glenn Garrison ◽  
Constantine A. Demetracopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Peak Strain ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Post Hoc

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Sports Introduction/Purpose: Fractures of the fifth metatarsal occur in young, athletic populations and often result in sub-optimal clinical outcomes, even after surgical fixation. With such a high demand for decreased return to play in athletic populations, the development of intervention strategies which mitigate intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors of initial injury is important. Foot orthotics have been shown to decrease strain in the 2nd metatarsal. However, limited research has investigated the influence of intrinsic risk factors and the use of foot orthotics on fifth metatarsal strain. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of foot orthotics and intrinsic risk factors on fifth metatarsal strain during cadaveric simulation. Methods: Ten specimens were loaded to simulate the stance phase of normal gait using a validated 6-degree of freedom robot with tendon actuators. Strain gauges were placed at the metaphyseal - diaphyseal junction (Zone II), and the proximal diaphysis (Zone III) to measure principal strain. Specimens were tested in a sneaker-only control condition and ten orthotic conditions, which include combinations of a commercial orthotic insole, three plates, and two foam wedges (Figure 1A). The average peak strain from three simulations were recorded for each orthotic condition. Relevant intrinsic factors were recorded from reconstructions of axially loaded computed tomography scans. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of orthotic conditions on fifth metatarsal strains, with significantly correlated intrinsic factors included as covariates. Tukey-Kramer post-hoc analysis with a Bonferroni correction was used to analyze differences between individual orthotic conditions and main effects of components. Results: Metatarsus adductus angle, 4-5 intermetatarsal angle, and Meary’s angle (R2= 0.944; p<0.001) were included as covariates in analysis of Zone III strain. Significant (p<0.05) differences in Zone III strain were found for the both the main effect of a plate and individual orthotic cond itions with statistical adjustment for previously stated intrinsic measurements. However, post- hoc testing revealed no significant differences between non-plate conditions and full plate conditions(p=0.23), lateral plate conditions (p=0.025), or lateral cut plate conditions (p=0.026). Additionally, the Full Plate with Lateral Wedge condition reduced strains by 285 µΕ relative to the sneaker condition, no significant differences (p = 0.07) were found in post-hoc analysis. No significant differences were found in Zone II with the models considered. Conclusion: Zone III strains were shown to be significantly correlated with intrinsic factors in the current analysis. Plate conditions demonstrated a trend towards significant reduction of Zone III strain relative to the sneaker condition, despite failing to achieve statistical significance in conservative post-hoc analysis. However, these results may be clinically significant as the reduction of strain in plate conditions exceeded previously reported significant decreases in the 2nd metatarsal. Correlations found between intrinsic risk factors and strain in this study corroborate with previous studies. This indicates that the effectiveness of foot orthotics to reduce strain is strongly influenced by individual foot structure.

scholarly journals Alpha absolute power: motor learning of practical pistol shooting

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (2b) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Amaral Domingues ◽  
Sergio Machado ◽  
Emerson Garcia Cavaleiro ◽  
Vernon Furtado ◽  
Mauricio Cagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

The present study aimed at investigating changes in behavior (shooting precision) and electrophysiological variables (absolute alpha power) during the motor learning of practical pistol shooting. The sample was composed of 23 healthy subjects, right-handed, male, between 18 and 20 years of age. The task consisted of four learning blocks. A One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and a post hoc analysis were employed to observe modifications on behavioral and electrophysiological measures (p<0.05). The results showed significative differences between blocks according to motor learning, and a significant improvement in shooting's accuracy from both blocks. It was observed a decrease in alpha power in all electrodes examined during task execution when compared with baseline and learning control blocks. The findings suggest that alpha power decreases as the function of the motor learning task when subjects are engaged in the motor execution.

scholarly journals Comparison of Placido, Scheimpflug and Combined Dual Scheimpflug-Placido Technologies in Evaluating Anterior and Posterior CLMI, SimK's as well as Kmax, in Keratoconic and Postrefractive Surgery Ectasia

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F Mauger ◽  
Ashraf M Mahmoud ◽  
Cynthia J Roberts ◽  
Lena V Chheda ◽  
Rebecca A Kuennen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ohio State University ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Post Hoc

ABSTRACT Purpose To calculate and compare cone location and magnitude index (CLMI), Kmax and other corneal measures derived from three different technologies, Placido, Scheimpflug, and a combination dual Scheimpflug-Placido device, from the same group of eyes with keratoconus and postrefractive surgery corneal ectasia. Methods Keratoconus (n = 26) eyes of (n = 19) subjects and postrefractive surgery ectasia (n = 5) eyes of (n = 5) subjects were selected to have measurements performed using the Keratron Scout, Pentacam HR and Galilei Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer. Device-generated SimK's and device-specific CLMI and Kmax indices as well as map data, were exported from each device. Index values for multiple exams were averaged. The map data were processed using The Ohio State University Corneal Topography Tool (OSUCTT) to calculate CLMI parameters, Kmax and SimK values using consistent algorithms on all three devices. Maps were averaged before calculation for multiple examinations. Repeated measures analysis of variance and post- hoc analysis were used to identify differences between devices. Results The anterior axial CLMI calculated from the Keratron data was significantly higher than CLMI for the Galilei (p = 0.0443) or Pentacam (p < 0.0004) with keratoconus, 12.23 compared with 11.20 and 11.00 diopters, respectively. Kmax was also significantly higher in the Keratron than the Galilei (p = 0.0063) or the Pentacam (p < 0.0002). Galilei and Pentacam were not significantly different from each other in either CLMI (p = 0.6287) or Kmax (p = 0.2115). The anterior CLMI values for the postrefractive surgery ectasia eyes were not significantly different between devices. Posterior CLMI values were calculated from the Galilei and Pentacam data and were −2.60 and −2.46 diopters (p = 0.1173) for keratoconus and −2.66 and −3.04 diopters (p = 0.2242) for postrefractive surgery ectasia. Conclusion The small cone Placido measured dioptric values that were greater than the pure Scheimpflug system, but the difference was only about 1 diopter, which is not relevant clinically in evaluating and managing ectasia. The combined dual Scheimpflug-Placido system produced measured dioptric values between the other two technologies. The anterior CLMI calculations accurately predicted keratoconus with all three devices. The posterior CLMI in ectasia may be a potentially valuable calculation in demonstrating asymmetric steepening. How to cite this article Mauger TF, Mahmoud AM, Roberts CJ, Chheda LV, Kuennen RA, Hendershot AJ, Lembach RG. Comparison of Placido, Scheimpflug and Combined Dual Scheimpflug-Placido Technologies in Evaluating Anterior and Posterior CLMI, SimK's as well as Kmax, in Keratoconic and Postrefractive Surgery Ectasia. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):44-52. • C Roberts is a Consultant for Oculus Optikgerate GmbH and Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, and has an interest in the GALILEI. • A Mahmoud has an interest in the GALILEI. • T Mauger, L Chheda, R Kuennen, A Hendershot, and R Lembach have no financial interests.

scholarly journals Effect of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Muscles Training in Pelvic Floor Muscles Strength on Postpartum Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence

2018 ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Jerisatrio S Tarukallo ◽  
David Lotisna ◽  
Nugraha U Pelupessy
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscles ◽  
P Value ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Perineal Tear ◽  
International Consultation ◽  
Pelvic Floor Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pelvic Muscles

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pelvic floor training (Kegelexercise) on pelvic floor muscle strength in postpartum womenwith SUI.Methods: Thirty-five birth vaginally postpartum women with SUIwere experimentally enrolled. After four weeks of postpartumobservation, the diagnosis of SUI confirmed, and all of these womenwere asked to complete the International Consultation onIncontinence Questionnaire-Sort Form (ICIQ-SF) questionnaire.The strength of the pelvic floor muscle measured with perineometerevery once in 3 weeks for 12 weeks of Kegel exercise. SUI severityassessed with ICIQ-SF after completing the Kegel exercise. A pairedt-test was used to compare measurement results between ICIQ-SFquestionnaire and perineometer and multiple linear regressionmodels was used for multivariate analysis. A p value of less than 0.05was taken to be statistically significant.Results: Findings show a significant difference between clinicalvariables (parity, neonates birth weight, perineal tear grade, BMI)and the improvement of pelvic floor muscles before and afterperformed the Kegel exercise (all p<0.05). The pelvic floormuscles strength significantly improved (p=0.000) after Kegelexercise both in ICIQ-SF questionnaire and perineometermeasurement.Conclusion: Pelvic muscles floor training or Kegel exercise improvepelvic muscles floor strength in postpartum women with SUI.[Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 6-2: 114-118]Keywords: pelvic muscles floor training, postpartum, stress urinaryincontinence

The Evaluation of Joint Mobilization Dosage on Ankle Range of Motion in Individuals With Decreased Dorsiflexion and a History of Ankle Sprain

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Meyer ◽  
Matthew J. Rivera ◽  
Cameron J. Powden
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Post Hoc

Context: Mulligan’s Mobilization with Movement (MWM) is a common intervention used to address dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) impairments. However, the treatment dosage of MWMs varies within the literature. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of serial MWM application on DFROM. Design: Repeated-measures cohort. Setting: A Midwestern University and the surrounding community. Participants: A total of 18 adults (13 females; age = 29 [12.87] y; DFROM = 30.26° [4.60°]) with decrease dorsiflexion (<40°) participated. Inclusion criteria consisted of a history of ≥1 ankle sprain, ≥18 years old, no lower-extremity injury in the last 6 months, and no history of foot/ankle surgery. Intervention: Participants completed a single data collection session consisting of 10 individual sets of MWMs. Main Outcome Measures: DFROM was taken at baseline and immediately after each intervention set (post 1, post 2, … post 10). DFROM was measured with a digital inclinometer on the anterior aspect of the tibia during the weight-bearing lunge test with the knee straight and knee bent. Analysis of variances examined DFROM changes over time. Post hoc analysis evaluated sequential pairwise comparisons and changes from baseline at each time point. Results: Analysis of variance results indicated a significant time main effect for weight-bearing lunge test with knee bent (P < .001) and a nonsignificant effect for weight-bearing lunge test with knee straight (P < .924). Post hoc analysis indicated improvements in the weight-bearing lunge test with knee bent at each timepoint compared with baseline (P < .005). Post 2 improved compared with post 1 (P = .027). No other pairwise sequential comparisons were significant (P > .417). Conclusions: MWMs significantly improved acute knee bent DFROM and indicated that after 2 sets of MWMs, no further DFROM improvements were identified. Future research should investigate the lasting effects of DFROM improvements with variable MWM dosages.

scholarly journals Empagliflozin for Patients With Presumed Resistant Hypertension: A Post Hoc Analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Pedro Ferreira ◽  
David Fitchett ◽  
Anne Pernille Ofstad ◽  
Bettina Johanna Kraus ◽  
Christoph Wanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Resistant Hypertension ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and resistant hypertension often coexist, greatly increasing risk of target-organ damage and death. We explored the effects of empagliflozin in patients with and without presumed resistant hypertension (prHT) in a post hoc analysis of EMPA-REG OUTCOME (NCT01131676). METHODS Overall, 7,020 patients received empagliflozin 10, 25 mg, or placebo with median follow-up of 3.1 years. We defined baseline prHT as ≥3 classes of antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic and uncontrolled blood pressure (BP; systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg) or ≥4 classes of antihypertensive, including a diuretic, and controlled BP. We explored the effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular (CV) death, heart failure (HF) hospitalization, 3-point major adverse cardiac events, all-cause death, and incident/worsening nephropathy by Cox regression and BP over time by a mixed-repeated-measures-model analysis. RESULTS 1,579 (22.5%) patients had prHT. The mean difference in change in SBP from baseline to week 12 vs. placebo was −4.5 (95% confidence interval, −5.9 to −3.1) mm Hg (P &lt; 0.001) in prHT and −3.7 (−4.5, −2.9) mm Hg (P &lt; 0.001) in patients without prHT. SBP was more frequently controlled (&lt;130/80 mm Hg) with empagliflozin than with placebo. Patients with prHT had 1.5- to 2-fold greater risk of HF hospitalization, incident/worsening nephropathy, and CV death compared with those without prHT. Empagliflozin improved all outcomes in patients with and without prHT (interaction P &gt; 0.1 for all outcomes). CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin induced a clinically relevant reduction in SBP and consistently improved all outcomes regardless of prHT status. Due to these dual effects, empagliflozin should be considered for patients with hypertension and T2D.

scholarly journals Effects of Cariprazine on Cognition in Patients With Bipolar Mania or Mixed States: Post Hoc Analysis From 3 Randomized, Controlled Phase III Studies

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Roger S. Mcintyre ◽  
Eduard Vieta ◽  
Willie Earley ◽  
Mehul Patel
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bipolar I Disorder ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Subscale ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractIntroductionCariprazine, a dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and for depressive, manic, or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Previous post hoc analyses have demonstrated that cariprazine was effective versus placebo for improving cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar depression. This post hoc analysis evaluated the effects of cariprazine on cognitive symptoms in patients with acute manic or mixed bipolar episodes.MethodsData from 3 phase II/III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (NCT00488618, NCT01058096, NCT01058668) were pooled and analyzed. Patients were randomized to placebo or flexibly dosed cariprazine (3-12 mg/d, 3-6 mg/d, or 6-12 mg/d [1 study only]) for 3 weeks of double-blind treatment; all dose groups were combined for the pooled analysis. Cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Cognitive subscale (sum of PANSS items P2, N5, N7, G10, G11); a score of 15 or greater at baseline indicated the presence of cognitive symptoms. Mean changes from baseline to week 3 in PANSS cognitive subscale/item scores and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score were evaluated in the overall intent-to-treat (ITT) population and in the subgroup of patients with baseline cognitive symptoms. A mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) was used to impute missing values.ResultsOf the 1012 patients in the ITT population, 174 (placebo=71; cariprazine=103) had a PANSS Cognitive subscale score of 15 or greater at baseline. At week 3, the cariprazine group demonstrated significantly greater mean improvement than the placebo group on PANSS cognitive subscale scores in both the ITT population (−2.2 vs −1.3; P<.0001) and the subgroup with baseline cognitive symptoms (−4.0 vs −1.9; P=.0002). In patients with baseline cognitive symptoms, improvement was significantly greater for cariprazine- versus placebo-treated patients on YMRS total score (−16.7 vs −8.2; P<.0001) and the individual PANSS cognitive subscale items of conceptual disorganization (−1.1 vs −0.5; P=.0004), difficulty in abstract thinking (−0.8 vs −0.3; P=.0044), stereotyped thinking (−0.3 vs −0.1; P=.0350), and poor attention (−1.1 vs −0.6; P=.0043).ConclusionIn patients with manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, cariprazine versus placebo was effective in improving cognitive symptoms in the overall patient population as well as in patients with baseline cognitive symptoms. In addition, cariprazine versus placebo also demonstrated efficacy in improving manic symptoms in patients with baseline cognitive symptoms. These results suggest that cariprazine may provide benefits for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients with bipolar I mania.FundingAbbVie Inc.

When can we expect global sagittal alignment to reach a stable value following cervical deformity surgery?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Renaud Lafage ◽  
Justin S. Smith ◽  
Basel Sheikh Alshabab ◽  
Christopher Ames ◽  
Peter G. Passias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Global Alignment ◽  
Cervical Alignment ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Cervical Deformity ◽  
Cervical Surgery ◽  
Global Sagittal Alignment ◽  
Significant Correction ◽  
Post Hoc

OBJECTIVE Cervical deformity (CD) is a complex condition with a clear impact on patient quality of life, which can be improved with surgical treatment. Previous study following thoracolumbar surgery demonstrated a spontaneous and maintained improvement in cervical alignment following lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO). In this study the authors aimed to investigate the complementary questions of whether cervical alignment induces a change in global alignment and whether this change stabilizes over time. METHODS To analyze spontaneous changes, this study included only patients with at least 5 levels remaining unfused following surgery. After data were obtained for the entire cohort, repeated-measures analyses were conducted between preoperative baseline and 3-month and 1-year follow-ups with a post hoc analysis and Bonferroni correction. A subanalysis of patients with 2-year follow-up was performed. RESULTS One-year follow-up data were available for 121 of 168 patients (72%), and 89 patients had at least 5 levels remaining unfused following surgery. Preoperatively there was a moderate anterior cervical alignment (C2–7, −7.7° [kyphosis]; T1 slope minus cervical lordosis, 37.1°; cervical sagittal vertebral axis [cSVA], 37 mm) combined with a posterior global alignment (SVA, −8 mm) with lumbar hyperextension (pelvic incidence [PI] minus lumbar lordosis [LL] mismatch [PI-LL], −0.6°). Patients underwent a significant correction of the cervical alignment (median ΔC2–7, 13.6°). Simultaneously, PI-LL, T1 pelvic angle (TPA), and SVA increased significantly (all p < 0.05) between baseline and 3-month and 1-year follow-ups. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that all of the changes occurred between baseline and 3 months. Subanalysis of patients with complete 2-year follow-up demonstrated similar results, with stable postoperative thoracolumbar alignment achieved at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Correction of cervical malalignment can have a significant impact on thoracolumbar regional and global alignment. Peak relaxation of compensatory mechanisms is achieved by the 3-month follow-up and tends to remain stable. Subanalysis with 2-year data further supports this finding. These findings can help to identify when the results of cervical surgery on global alignment can be best evaluated.

scholarly journals Correlation of ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight with actual birth weight at a rural setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2973
Author(s):  
Elnazeer A. Hashim ◽  
Elsir A. Saeed ◽  
Elsadig Y. Mohamed ◽  
Elabbas M. Ebaid ◽  
Hussam Zain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sonographic Examination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Newborn Weight ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

Background: Ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in term pregnancies is used to determine fetal growth. The objective of this study was to assess the precision of sonographic estimation of fetal weight in normal vaginal deliveries at a rural setting.Methods: The study was cross-sectional. A group of 74 pregnant women delivered normally in Muglad hospital in West Kordofan, Sudan, were considered in the study. Fetal weight was estimated by Hadlock and shephards formulae within one week prior to delivery and then newborn weight was taken within 24 hours after delivery. Data were collected by a questionnaire and medical examination as well as sonographic examination. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 23 and Kruskal Wallis Test (post-hoc analysis) Pearson’s correlation coefficient within 95% confidence interval. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The correlation, by Paired sample, to assess fetal weight was as follows: between Hadlock and shephards was 0.901 (p < 0.001), between Hadlock and AFW was 0.908 (p < 0.001) and between Shephards and AFW was 0.781 (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Estimation of fetal weight by Hadlock has been more correlated with actual fetal weight (AFW) than that done with shephards. The study recommends using Hadlock formula which is more accurate in estimation of fetal weight by sonography.

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