scholarly journals Longitudinal Relations Between Depressive Symptoms and Executive Functions From Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Twin Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi P. Friedman ◽  
Alta du Pont ◽  
Robin P. Corley ◽  
John K. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
Working Memory Updating ◽  
The Common

Depression is associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs)—cognitive control abilities that regulate goal-directed thoughts and actions—but the etiology of these associations is unclear. We examined the relations between depressive symptoms and multiple EF latent variables in a population-based sample of 439 twin pairs assessed at mean ages 12, 17, and 23 years. Greater depressive symptoms negatively related to a Common EF factor capturing shared variance across response inhibition, working memory updating, and mental set shifting tasks, and also negatively related to an Updating-Specific factor, but not a Shifting-Specific factor. Cross-lagged panel models suggested that the Common EF correlations reflected within-wave associations rather than prospective effects, whereas the Updating-Specific correlations reflected associations of earlier depression levels with later Updating-Specific ability. Twin models were consistent with a model in which Common EF and Updating-Specific abilities relate to depression through correlated genetic risk, with no significant environmental correlations.

scholarly journals Gene–Environment Interactions Between Depressive Symptoms and Smoking Quantity

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisu Keskitalo-Vuokko ◽  
Tellervo Korhonen ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Smoking Quantity ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Shared Genetic

We investigated genetic and environmental correlations and gene by environment interactions (GxE) between depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and quantity smoked measured by number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) using quantitative genetic modeling. The population-based sample consisted of 12,063 twin individuals from the Finnish Twin Cohort Study. Bivariate Cholesky decomposition revealed that the phenotypic correlation (r = 0.09) between BDI and CPD was explained by shared genetic (rg = 0.18) and environmental (re = 0.08) factors. GxE models incorporating moderator effects were built by using CPD as trait and BDI as moderator and vice versa. The importance of the genetic variance component increased with increasing moderator value in both models. Thus, the influence of genetic effects on variance of smoking quantity was enhanced in individuals with elevated depression score and vice versa; the genetic effects on depression variance were potentiated among heavy smokers. In conclusion, shared genetic and environmental factors as well as GxE underlie the association of smoking with depression.

scholarly journals Association between common early-childhood infection and subsequent depressive symptoms and psychotic experiences in adolescence: a population-based longitudinal birth cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Anna B. Chaplin ◽  
Peter B. Jones ◽  
Golam M. Khandaker
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Childhood Infections ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Childhood Infection ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Childhood infections are associated with adult psychosis and depression, but studies of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depressive symptoms in childhood, adolescence, and early-adulthood are scarce. Previous studies have typically examined severe infections, but studies of common infections are also scarce. Methods Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort, we examined associations of the number of infections in childhood from age 1.5 to 7.5 years with depressive symptom scores at age 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, and 19 years, and with PEs at 12 and 18 years. We performed additional analysis using infection burden (‘low’ = 0–4 infections, ‘medium’ = 5–6, ‘high’ = 7–9, or ‘very high’ = 10–22 infections) as the exposure. Results The risk set comprised 11 786 individuals with childhood infection data. Number of childhood infections was associated with depressive symptoms from age 10 (adjusted beta = 0.14; standard error (s.e.) = 0.04; p = <0.01) to 17 years (adjusted beta = 0.17; s.e. = 0.08; p = 0.04), and with PEs at age 12 (suspected/definite PEs: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.27). These effect sizes were larger when the exposure was defined as very high infection burden (depressive symptoms age 17: adjusted beta = 0.79; s.e. = 0.29; p = 0.01; suspected/definite PEs at age 12: adjusted OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.25–2.05). Childhood infections were not associated with depressive/psychotic outcomes at age 18 or 19. Conclusions Common early-childhood infections are associated with depressive symptoms up to mid-adolescence and with PEs subsequently in childhood, but not with these outcomes in early-adulthood. These findings require replication including larger samples with outcomes in adulthood.

scholarly journals Individual differences in musical training and executive functions: A latent variable approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Okada ◽  
L. Robert Slevc
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Memory Updating ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Working Memory Updating

Learning and performing music draw on a host of cognitive abilities, and previous research postulates that musicians might have advantages in related cognitive processes. One such aspect of cognition that may be related to musical training is executive functions (EFs), a set of top-down processes that regulate behavior and cognition according to task demands. Previous studies investigating the link between musical training and EFs have yielded mixed results and are difficult to compare. In part, this is because most studies look at only one specific cognitive process, and even studies looking at the same process use different experimental tasks. Furthermore, most correlational studies use different categorizations of “musician” and “non-musician” for comparisons, so generalizing findings is difficult. The current study provides a more comprehensive assessment of how individual differences in musical training relate to latent measures of three separable aspects of EFs. We administered a well-validated EF battery containing multiple tasks tapping EF components of inhibition, shifting, and working memory updating (Friedman et al., 2008) and a comprehensive, continuous measure of musical training and sophistication (Müllensiefen et al., 2014). Musical training correlated with some individual EF tasks involving inhibition and working memory updating, but not individual tasks involving shifting. However, musical training only predicted the latent variable of working memory updating, but not latent variables of inhibition or shifting after controlling for IQ, socioeconomic status, and handedness. Although these data are correlational, they nonetheless suggest that musical experience places particularly strong demands specifically on working memory updating processes.

scholarly journals Dynamic relationships between depressive symptoms and insulin resistance over 20 years of adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Che-Yuan Wu ◽  
Hugo Cogo-Moreira ◽  
Bradley J. MacIntosh ◽  
Jodi D. Edwards ◽  
Saffire H. Krance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Relationships

Abstract Background Bidirectional longitudinal relationships between depression and diabetes have been observed, but the dominant direction of their temporal relationships remains controversial. Methods The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model decomposes observed variables into a latent intercept representing the traits, and occasion-specific latent ‘state’ variables. This permits correlations to be assessed between the traits, while longitudinal ‘cross-lagged’ associations and cross-sectional correlations can be assessed between occasion-specific latent variables. We examined dynamic relationships between depressive symptoms and insulin resistance across five visits over 20 years of adulthood in the population-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Possible differences based on population group (Black v. White participants), sex and years of education were tested. Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance were quantified using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), respectively. Results Among 4044 participants (baseline mean age 34.9 ± 3.7 years, 53% women, 51% Black participants), HOMA-IR and CES-D traits were weakly correlated (r = 0.081, p = 0.002). Some occasion-specific correlations, but no cross-lagged associations were observed overall. Longitudinal dynamics of these relationships differed by population groups such that HOMA-IR at age 50 was associated with CES-D score at age 55 (β = 0.076, p = 0.038) in White participants only. Longitudinal dynamics were consistent between sexes and based on education. Conclusions The relationship between depressive symptoms and insulin resistance was best characterized by weak correlations between occasion-specific states and enduring traits, with weak evidence that insulin resistance might be temporally associated with subsequent depressive symptoms among White participants later in adulthood.

scholarly journals The pathoplasticity of dysphoric episodes: differential impact of stressful life events on the pattern of depressive symptom inter-correlations

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. J. Cramer ◽  
D. Borsboom ◽  
S. H. Aggen ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Common ◽  
Conceptual Shift

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that stressful life events (SLEs) influence the pattern of individual depressive symptoms. However, we do not know how these differences arise. Two theories about the nature of psychiatric disorders have different predictions about the source of these differences: (1) SLEs influence depressive symptoms and correlations between them indirectly, via an underlying acute liability to develop a dysphoric episode (DE; common cause hypothesis); and (2) SLEs influence depressive symptoms and correlations between them directly (network hypothesis). The present study investigates the predictions of these two theories.MethodWe divided a population-based sample of 2096 Caucasian twins (49.9% female) who reported at least two aggregated depressive symptoms in the last year into four groups, based on the SLE they reported causing their symptoms. For these groups, we calculated tetrachoric correlations between the 14 disaggregated depressive symptoms and, subsequently, tested whether the resulting correlation patterns were significantly different and if those differences could be explained by underlying differences in a single acute liability to develop a DE.ResultsThe four SLE groups had markedly different correlation patterns between the depressive symptoms. These differences were significant and could not be explained by underlying differences in the acute liability to develop a DE.ConclusionsOur results are not compatible with the common cause perspective but are consistent with the predictions of the network hypothesis. We elaborate on the implications of a conceptual shift to the network perspective for our diagnostic and philosophical approach to the concept of what constitutes a psychiatric disorder.

scholarly journals Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Hirohito Tsuboi ◽  
Yui Takakura ◽  
Hiromasa Tsujiguchi ◽  
Sakae Miyagi ◽  
Keita Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Study Population

To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

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