scholarly journals Weaker Memory Performance Exacerbates Stress-Induced Cannabis Craving in Youths’ Daily Lives

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1094-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Miranda ◽  
Stephanie E. Wemm ◽  
Hayley Treloar Padovano ◽  
Ryan W. Carpenter ◽  
Noah N. Emery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Real World ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Moment Stress ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Drug Cue

Theories of addiction posit that stimuli associated with drug use, including both exteroceptive (e.g., paraphernalia) and interoceptive (e.g., feeling tense or stressed), evoke craving and contribute to the pathogenesis of substance misuse. Control over drug cue response and stress is essential for moderating use. Building from laboratory data supporting associations between cue exposure, stress, and craving, this study tested whether these associations generalize to real-world settings and examined whether a well-vetted neurocognitive control capacity (i.e., working memory, or WM) moderated associations. Youths ( N = 85; 15–24 years old) completed baseline and ecological momentary assessments. Cue exposure and participants’ average stress predicted higher craving. Youths with weaker WM experienced stronger craving at higher-stress moments but not when faced with cues. Interactions were present for both previous-moment and same-moment stress. Craving among adolescents with stronger WM was not swayed by momentary stress. Findings suggest that stronger WM protects against craving at more stressful moments.

scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATIONS AMONG HIGH AND LOW AROUSAL AFFECT AND COGNITIVE HEALTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S963-S963
Author(s):  
Eric S Cerino ◽  
Martin Sliwinski
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Affective Influences ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) vary from moment-to-moment and these variations are associated with cognitive health. Past work has primarily focused on valence (negative/positive), however, largely ignoring the potential import of arousal (high/low). We address this gap by assessing the impact of high and low arousal NA and PA on daily cognition. A sample of 238 older adults (Mage=77.30 years, SD=5.14, Range=70–90) completed mobile surveys up to four times daily for 14 days. Participants reported current levels of high and low arousal NA and PA and performed processing speed and working memory tasks. For processing speed, there were significant within-person affect by age interactions. Moments when low arousal NA was higher than usual were associated with slower processing speed (Est.=0.87, SE=0.44, p<.05), and this effect was amplified in older participants (Est.=1.69, SE=0.60, p<.01). Moments when high arousal PA was higher than usual were associated with faster processing speed (Est.=-0.81, SE=0.40, p<.05), and this effect was amplified in younger participants (Est.=-1.81, SE=0.56, p<.01). For working memory, a significant within-person high arousal PA by age interaction emerged (Est.=0.001, SE=0.00, p=.046) such that moments when high arousal PA was higher than usual were marginally associated with worse working memory performance only among older participants (Est.=0.004, SE=0.002, p=.06). Results suggest momentary increases in low arousal NA and high arousal PA may confer greatest risk to daily cognitive health among older adults with more limited capacity and/or cognitive resources, whereas affective influences may be more facilitative among comparatively younger adults.

scholarly journals Carry-over effects of smoking cue exposure on working memory performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Wilson ◽  
Michael A. Sayette ◽  
Julie A. Fiez ◽  
Elizabeth Brough
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Carry Over

Correlates of real-world goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jaisal T. Merchant ◽  
Erin K. Moran ◽  
Michael J. Strube ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Functional Skills ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Background Deficits in goal-directed behavior (i.e. behavior conducted to achieve a specific goal or outcome) are core to schizophrenia, difficult to treat, and associated with poor functional outcomes. Factors such as negative symptoms, effort-cost decision-making, cognition, and functional skills have all been associated with goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia as indexed by clinical interviews or laboratory-based tasks. However, little work has examined whether these factors relate to the real-world pursuit of goal-directed activities in this population. Methods This study aimed to fill this gap by using Ecological Momentary Assessment (four survey prompts per day for 1 week) to test hypotheses about symptom, effort allocation, cognitive, and functional measures associated with planned and completed goal-directed behavior in the daily lives of 63 individuals with schizophrenia. Results Individuals with schizophrenia completed more goal-directed activities than they planned [t(62) = −4.01, p < 0.001]. Motivation and pleasure (i.e. experiential) negative symptoms, controlling for depressive symptoms, negatively related to planned goal-directed behavior [odds ratio (OR) 0.92, p = 0.005]. Increased effort expenditure for high probability rewards (planned: OR 1.01, p = 0.034, completed: OR 1.01, p = 0.034) along with performance on a daily functional skills task (planned: OR 1.04, p = 0.002, completed: OR 1.03, p = 0.047) negatively related to both planned and completed goal-directed activity. Conclusions Our results present correlates of real-world goal-directed behavior that largely align with impaired ability to make future estimations in schizophrenia. This insight could help identify targeted treatments for the elusive motivated behavior deficits in this population.

scholarly journals Cognitive processes contributing to visual working memory performance in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kimberly Bodner
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Real World ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Visual Filtering

Previous investigations of working memory performance in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have yielded mixed findings (e.g., Kenworthy, Yerys, Anthony, and Wallace, 2008; Geurts, de Vris, and van den Bergh, 2014). Research examining visual and spatial working memory abilities in older adolescents and adults with ASD specifically is limited. The current study assessed the contribution of working memory capacity, attention, and visual filtering abilities to visual working memory performance in adolescents and adults with and without ASD. Furthermore, the current study examined task performance related to real world report of working memory and attention abilities. Results revealed comparable estimates of visual working memory capacity overall between groups. However, visual working memory performance for individuals with ASD appeared to be more impacted by increases in attention and visual filtering demands. Individuals with ASD allocated their attention differently than non-ASD individuals, and spent less time looking at relevant information. The ASD group had more difficulty filtering distracting information in more challenging conditions. Difficulties on the task did not significantly relate to reported real world working memory or attention abilities. Findings suggest that visual working memory performance is similar between individuals with and without ASD when cognitive demands are low, but individuals with ASD are detrimentally effected when the cognitive load increases (increased attention and visual filtering demands), consistent with previous literature (Kenworthy et al., 2008). Given the complexity of our environments and need to filter visually distracting information, these findings may shed light on ASD-related difficulties in day-to-day functioning and provide a focus for intervention.

Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Kathryn A. DeYoung ◽  
Samiha Islam ◽  
Allegra S. Anderson ◽  
Matthew Barstead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Social anxiety lies on a continuum, and young adults with elevated symptoms are at risk for developing a range of debilitating psychiatric disorders. Yet, relatively little is known about the factors that govern the hour-by-hour experience and expression of social anxiety in daily life. Here, we used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to intensively sample emotional experience across different social contexts in the daily lives of 228 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of social anxiety symptoms. Leveraging data from over 11,000 real-world assessments, results highlight the central role of close friends, family members, and romantic partners. The presence of close companions is associated with enhanced mood, yet socially anxious individuals have smaller confidant networks and spend less time with their close companions. Although higher levels of social anxiety are associated with a general worsening of mood, socially anxious individuals appear to derive larger benefits—lower levels of negative affect, anxiety, and depression—from the presence of their closest companions. In contrast, variation in social anxiety was unrelated to the amount of time spent with strangers, co-workers, and acquaintances; and we uncovered no evidence of emotional hypersensitivity to less-familiar individuals. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding the deleterious consequences of social anxiety in emerging adulthood and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

Multi-modal Assessment of Reward Functioning in Adolescent Anhedonia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Murray ◽  
Elana Israel ◽  
Brianna Pastro ◽  
Nathaniel Lovell-Smith ◽  
Scott E. Lukas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Multiple Assessment

Background: Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression that predicts worse treatment outcomes. Dysfunction in neural reward circuits is thought to contribute to anhedonia. However, it remains unclear whether laboratory-based assessments of anhedonia and reward-related neural function translate to adolescents' subjective affective experiences in real-world contexts. Methods: We recruited a sample of adolescents (ages 12-18; mean=15.83) who varied in anhedonia (N=82) and examined the relationships among clinician-rated and self-reported anhedonia, behaviorally assessed reward learning ability, fMRI-measured neural response to monetary reward and loss, and repeated ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).Results: Anhedonia was associated with lower mean PA and higher mean NA across the 5-day EMA period. Anhedonia was not associated with impaired behavioral reward learning but was consistently associated with attenuated nucleus accumbens response to reward across categorical, dimensional, and ecological assessments. Greater mean NA and NA variability were associated with increased medial prefrontal response to loss, and mean NA predicted reduced insula activity to reward. Conclusions: Traditional laboratory-based measures of anhedonia were associated with lower subjective PA and higher subjective NA in youths' daily lives. Across multiple assessment modalities, anhedonia was associated with reduced reward-related striatal functioning, whereas greater subjective NA was associated with both reward and loss-related neural response in the broader corticostriatal system. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that diagnostic and self-report measures of anhedonia translate to real-world contexts, and that subjective ratings of PA and NA may be associated with distinct patterns of neural response to reward and loss.

scholarly journals Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Kathryn A. DeYoung ◽  
Samiha Islam ◽  
Allegra S. Anderson ◽  
Matthew G. Barstead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ecological Momentary

AbstractBackgroundSocial anxiety lies on a continuum, and young adults with elevated symptoms are at risk for developing a range of psychiatric disorders. Yet relatively little is known about the factors that govern the hour-by-hour experience and expression of social anxiety in the real world.MethodsHere we used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to intensively sample emotional experience across different social contexts in the daily lives of 228 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of social anxiety symptoms.ResultsLeveraging data from over 11 000 real-world assessments, our results highlight the central role of close friends, family members, and romantic partners. The presence of such close companions was associated with enhanced mood, yet socially anxious individuals had fewer confidants and spent less time with the close companions that they do have. Although higher levels of social anxiety were associated with a general worsening of mood, socially anxious individuals appear to derive larger benefits – lower levels of negative affect, anxiety, and depression – from their close companions. In contrast, variation in social anxiety was unrelated to the amount of time spent with strangers, co-workers, and acquaintances; and we uncovered no evidence of emotional hypersensitivity to these less-familiar individuals.ConclusionsThese findings provide a framework for understanding the deleterious consequences of social anxiety in emerging adulthood and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

scholarly journals The Modulation of Working-Memory Performance Using Gamma-Electroacupuncture and Theta-Electroacupuncture in Healthy Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Meng Ren ◽  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
Jingjun Zhao ◽  
Sicong Zhang ◽  
Wenjing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
High Load ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Working memory (WM), a central component of general cognition, plays an essential role in human beings’ daily lives. WM impairments often occur in psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental disorders, mainly presenting as loss of high-load WM. In previous research, electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to be an effective treatment for cognitive impairments. Frequency parameters are an important factor in therapeutic results, but the optimal frequency parameters of EA have not yet been identified. In this study, we chose theta-EA (θ-EA; 6 Hz) and gamma-EA (γ-EA; 40 Hz), corresponding to the transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) frequency parameters at the Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24) acupoints, in order to compare the effects of different EA frequencies on WM. We evaluated WM performance using visual 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back WM tasks involving digits. Each participant (N = 30) attended three different sessions in accordance with a within-subject crossover design. We performed θ-EA, γ-EA, and sham-EA in a counterbalanced order, conducting the WM task both before and after intervention. The results showed that d-prime (d′) under all three stimulation conditions had no significance in the 1-back and 2-back tasks. However, in the 3-back task, there was a significant improvement in d′ after intervention compared to d′ before intervention under θ-EA (F [1, 29] = 22.64; P < 0.001 ), while we saw no significant difference in the γ-EA and sham-EA groups. Reaction times for hits (RT-hit) under all three stimulation conditions showed decreasing trends in 1-, 2-, and 3-back tasks but without statistically significant differences. These findings suggest that the application of θ-EA might facilitate high-load WM performance.

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