Focusing on India’s Look East Policy: India–China relationship from 1947 to 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110183
Author(s):  
Kaushik Roy
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
International System ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World

Before the onset of the industrial revolution, China and India were the two biggest powers in Eurasia. Their total population comprised almost half of the world’s population. And the GNP of premodern China was half of the combined GNP of the world. Before circa 1600 CE, most of the textiles and iron in the world were manufactured in these two countries. China and India suffered a temporary eclipse during the age of colonialism. However, with the rise of the economic and military power of China and India from the late 20th century, it seems that these two countries are bound to reclaim their traditional positions as big powers in the international system. However, there is a caveat. In the premodern era, the Himalayas prevented any intimate contact between the ‘dragon’ and the ‘elephant’. But, from the mid-20th century, advances in technology, economic competition and the annexation of Tibet by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) among other factors resulted in China and India coming into direct contact with each other. The result has been cooperation–competition–conflict. And this has had consequences not only for these two countries but for the whole world. The present article attempts to trace the troubled trajectory of India’s China policy from the late 1940s (when these two countries became independent) up to the present day.

The questions for post-apartheid South African missiology in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Baron
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Black Theology ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
African Theology ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Socratic Questioning ◽  
The World

South African missiology has seen a shift in its praxis since the late 20th century. David J. Bosch made a crucial contribution in this regard. The shift includes mission as a contextualised praxis and agency. In mission studies, agency has become necessary in postcolonial mission, primarily because of the loss of identity of the oppressed in colonised countries. Through contextual theologies of liberation, African theology, Black Theology of Liberation and postcolonial studies, theologians were able to reflect on the human dignity of the colonised. However, there are still significant efforts needed in this quest, and therefore, the praxis cycle used in missiology is useful to also assess effects on the oppressed and marginalised through the emerging context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). In the task of doing mission in the world differently, the questions that missiologists ask are important. The emergence of the 4IR aims to merge the biological with the technological and will bring more challenges to mission work in Africa. This will bring upon us the responsibility to reflect on the notion of human agency, the theologies espoused in such a time and missiologists’ contextual lenses and strategies employed. These should have to be carefully considered especially in a post-apartheid context. The researcher will, therefore, use the commonly used praxis cycle in missiological research to explore through a Socratic (questioning) approach what the implications will be for missiologists and mission agents in the quest of transforming church and the post-apartheid society.Contribution: Though there has emerged a few theological contributions from missiology, there has not been a missiological contribution on the 4IR. The author therefore uses one of the theological methods in the discipline to put on the table the imperative questions that those doing missiological research should pose in the context of the 4IR.

scholarly journals Making sense of life without parole in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Smith ◽  
Su Jiang
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Life Without Parole ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

In 2015, the People’s Republic of China introduced the sentence of lifelong imprisonment for a single, non-violent crime: corruption. Although life without the possibility of parole statutes were increasingly common in the US and across the world by the late 20th century, this is the first such statute ever introduced in China. While introducing the new punishment for corruption, China, the world’s leading executioner, retained the death penalty for corruption as well. This study examines the reasons for China’s adoption of life without the possibility of parole and situates China in global debates about the punitive turn and capital punishment. It also provides insights for understanding how the adoption of life without the possibility of parole fits into a wider constellation of penal practices.

EAST INDIAN AND OTHER DOCKS IN LONDON: IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE, COLONIAL TRADE AND POSTCOLONIAL MEMORY

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-205
Author(s):  
S. E. Sidorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Architectural Representation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Postcolonial History ◽  
The City

The article concentrates on the colonial and postcolonial history, architecture and topography of the southeastern areas of London, where on both banks of the River Thames in the 18th–20th centuries there were located the docks, which became an architectural and engineering response to the rapidly developing trade of England with territories in the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the world. Constructions for various purposes — pools for loading, unloading and repairing ships, piers, shipyards, office and warehouse premises, sites equipped with forges, carpenter’s workshops, shops, canteens, hotels — have radically changed the bank line of the Thames and appearance of the British capital, which has acquired the status of the center of a huge empire. Docks, which by the beginning of the 20th century, occupied an area of 21 hectares, were the seamy side of an imperial-colonial enterprise, a space of hard and routine work that had a specific architectural representation. It was a necessary part of the city intended for the exchange of goods, where the usual ideas about the beauty gave way to considerations of safety, functionality and economy. Not distinguished by architectural grace, chaotically built up, dirty, smoky and fetid, the area was one of the most significant symbols of England during the industrial revolution and colonial rule. The visual image of this greatness was strikingly different from the architectural samples of previous eras, forcing contemporaries to get used to the new industrial aesthetics. Having disappeared in the second half of the 20th century from the city map, they continue to retain a special place in the mental landscape of the city and the historical memory of the townspeople, which is reflected in the chain of museums located in this area that tell the history of English navigation, England’s participation in geographical discoveries, the stages of conquering the world, creating an empire and ways to acquire the wealth of the nation.

Ecopedagogy and Education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruyu Hung
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Ecological Worldview

The neologism ecopedagogy was coined in the late 20th century to represent the joining of ecology and pedagogy. However, ecopedagogy is not an education about ecology but an education through ecology, meaning that it is an education based on an ecological worldview. A worldview is the fundamental understanding of life and the world. Ecological worldview means the ecological approach to the understanding of life and the world. The basic ideas of the ecological worldview come from the science of ecology, of which there are two interpretations: ecology of stability and ecology of instability. Both provide a general, shared outline of the world and how it works but each offers distinctive values of philosophy, ethics, culture, and society with regard to the ecosystem. Ecopedagogy, which encompasses both ecological worldview and education, develops into two broad movements: philosophical ecopedagogy and critical ecopedagogy. For the former, referred to as ecosophy, focuses on the metaphysical investigation of the human-nature relationship and related issues in education. For the latter, ecojustice, the mission is to critique the injustice and oppression involved in environmental issues and to construct a utopian society of planetary civilization.

Approaching the Invisible

2022 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
John Christopher Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World Wide ◽  
New Materialism ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Spiritual Emergency ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
The Invisible

In modern times, Western philosophy eschews any metaphysical or occult references to invisible reality as being culturally obsolete. Modern culture now privileges language that reflects our unshakeable allegiance to materialism in which the things of the world no longer have any depth of meaning. This chapter compares two modern cultural approaches to invisible reality emerging in the late 20th century in response to the growing world-wide crisis of meaninglessness. The first approach gathers many different methodologies under the umbrella term The New Materialism. The second approach focusses on initiatory experiences once known as Spiritual Emergency. Both approaches are moving us towards a new understanding of matter, based on the reality of the invisible. Throughout the chapter, the author will italicise words such as “invisible,” “life,” “alive,” “alien,” “ether,” “spatial,” “virtual,” “fluid,” and “absence” in order to refer to a new kind of fluid, living, invisible matter that we are bringing to language in modern times.

scholarly journals Beijing Subway and the Political and Economic Development of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Yixiao Guo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Xinhua News Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Subway System ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Beijing Subway

This research paper analyses the main purposes the Beijing subway system, which served from 1969 to now as a tool of political defense as well as a transportation system. The notion to construct the system arose in 1953, but the first section of today’s Line 1 did not open until September 1969.  Today, the Beijing subway system is the world’s busiest in terms of annual ridership and the world’s second longest subway system, ranking only behind Shanghai’s. (Xinhua News Agency, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/30/c_1122188643.htm.) The political and economic development and trends in China in the second half of 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, such as the Cultural Revolution and the 2008 Olympics, affected the subway system’s development greatly. This paper examines Chinese documents with the aim of providing a general understanding of the development and purpose of the Beijing system, through political, economic and technical analysis, among others, of its history. There exists almost no document, ¬¬either in English or Chinese, that analyzes the development of Beijing’s subway system. However, this topic should be considered important, as it provides an alternative way of viewing the development of China and its governing principles throughout its late-20th century and current-day history.

Cities and International Relations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pejic
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Global Cities ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Global North

The literature on cities and international relations (IR), or “global urban politics,” as it is sometimes termed, is a diverse stream of social science research that has developed in response to major demographic and economic shifts that began in second half of the 20th century and continue to today. During this time the world has witnessed dramatic globalization and urbanization, centralizing populations in cities. It is predicted that by 2050 close to 70 percent of the world’s population will live in urban areas, meaning that 21st-century challenges will be largely urban in nature. Across areas such as migration, health, environmental sustainability, and economic development, citizens and city governments are constantly exposed, and need to respond to, the impacts of globalization on cities. At the international level, multilateral organizations have recognized this shift and are increasingly involving cities, or networks of cities, as interlocutors in global forums. IR has been slow to acknowledge the increasing importance of cities in international affairs, as it conflicts with the state-centric paradigm of mainstream theory. Most early scholarship on cities and globalization came from urbanists and political economists, who studied the development of “global cities” that were acting as the critical nodes in the architecture of the world economy. This literature predominately identified cities as the sites of global processes, with limited capacity to influence or shape them. It also offered a narrow, economistic conception of cities that vastly prioritized the experiences of wealthy cities in the Global North. More recently, scholars have begun to study and theorize the role of cities as actors in global affairs, particularly through forms of networked governance and involvement in key multilateral discussions. This bibliography tracks the evolution of this research agenda from its conception to the present day. It begins with a limited background in the study of urban politics, providing a crucial framework for understanding how the diverse streams of research developed. It then details the continuing work on “global cities,” which recognized the increasing importance of cities to international affairs in the late 20th century, although largely defined in narrow economic terms. What follows is a broader theorization of the role of cities in global governance, which begins to afford some agency to cities to shape international affairs across a range of policy areas and brings them directly into the purview of IR. While most of this literature has still been driven by, and focused on, cities of the Global North, there have been efforts to broaden the geographic focus and recognize the way globalization and urbanization have been experienced differently in cities across the globe. Finally, the bibliography draws on a recent literature exploring some of the political and legal implications of this shift to the “urban century.”

Voice and Disjuncture in Celebrity Impersonation

Multivocality ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
Katherine Meizel
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Corporate Capitalism ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Las Vegas is a reflection of neoliberal globalization—not only in its collection and display of global imagery but also in its shift from mob-dependent finances to late 20th-century corporate capitalism (Ventura 2012: 46). The topography of the world captured in a souvenir snow globe, the city offers visitors a set of intertwined performative layers, a collection of façades and masquerades that shape the city’s distinctive character. Theatrical transvestism in Vegas has performed and celebrated many permutations of difference (a Black Elvis, a male Barbra Streisand), at once underlining and undermining the fluidity of identity. Chapter 3 details the ways in which such disjunctures between bodies and voices—gendered, disabled, racialized—are manipulated by Vegas celebrity impersonators, and how they paradoxically contribute to the construction of these performers’ own identities.

scholarly journals THE STRATEGIC CONSEQUENCES OF INDIA’S COVID-19 CRISIS ON INDIA-CHINA TRADE AFTER GALWAN SKIRMISH

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Dr. Anita Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
China And India ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

The magnitude of the second one wave of India’s coronavirus surge became an increasing number of clear to the world, U.S. policymakers soon started to comprehend the strategic implications of India’s national trauma.U.S. President and his top officials publicly pledged their commitments to ship medical supplies, which include oxygen, vaccine materials, and therapeutics to India, while looking for additional approaches to deal with India’s crisis.COVID-19 already inflicted a crushing blow to India’s economy closing 12 months. A countrywide lockdown instituted via prime Minister Narendra Modi at the early levels of the worldwide pandemic was meant to alleviate the stresses on Indian’s insufficient healthcare system, however it also brought a 24 percentage contraction in the economy and led millions of migrant day workers to flee India’s towns for lack of work. thru the late fall and wintry weather, it seemed that by some means India might break out the worst of the pandemic, but that hope has now been dashed by a devastating combination of new viral strains and inadequate public health preparations. India now faces this wave of the virus exhausted and depleted. China–India relations, also referred to as Sino–Indo relations or Indian–chinese relations, refers back to the bilateral relationship between the humans’s Republic of China and the Rebublic of India. despite the fact that the relationship has been cordial, there were border disputes. The current relationship started out in 1950 whilst India turned into many of the first countries to end formal ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) and understand the human beings’s Republic of China because the valid government of Mainland China. China and India are the two of the principal regional powers in Asia, and are two of the most populous countries and quickest growing primary economies in the global. boom in diplomatic and financial influence has increased the importance of their bilateral courting. KEY WORDS: India, China, Magnitude, China-India trade, trade warfare, composition of economy,

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document