scholarly journals Morphological Features of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow and Common Tendon of Flexor-Pronator Muscles

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596712095241
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ikezu ◽  
Mutsuaki Edama ◽  
Kanta Matsuzawa ◽  
Fumiya Kaneko ◽  
Sohei Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Length Width

Background: The anterior bundle (AB) of the ulnar collateral ligament is the most important structure for valgus stabilization of the elbow. However, anatomic relationships among the AB, posterior bundle (PB) of the ulnar collateral ligament, and common tendon (CT) of the flexor-pronator muscles have not been fully clarified. Purpose: To classify the AB, PB, and CT and to clarify their morphological features. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: This investigation examined 56 arms from 31 embalmed Japanese cadavers. The CT investigation examined 34 arms from 23 embalmed Japanese cadavers with CTs remaining. Type classification was performed by focusing on positional relationships with surrounding structures. Morphological features measured were length, width, thickness, and footprint for the AB and PB and attachment length, thickness, and footprint for the CT. Results: The AB was classified as type I (44 elbows; 78.6%), can be separated as a single bundle, or type II (12 elbows; 21.4%), cannot be separated from the PB and joint capsule. The PB was classified as type I (28 elbows; 50.0%), can be separated as a single bundle; type IIa (6 elbows; 10.7%), posterior edge cannot be separated; type IIb (7 elbows; 12.5%), anterior edge cannot be separated; or type III (15 elbows; 26.8%), cannot be separated from the joint capsule. The CT was classified as type I (18 elbows; 52.9%), can be separated from the AB, or type II (16 elbows; 47.1%), cannot be separated from the AB. Significant differences in frequencies of AB, PB, and CT types were identified between men and women. Morphological features were measured only for type I of each structure, and reliability was almost perfect. Conclusion: These results suggest that the AB, PB, and CT each can be classified into an independent form and an unclear form. Presence of the unclear form was suggested as one factor contributing to morphological variation. Clinical Relevance: This study may provide basic information for clarifying functional roles of the AB, PB, and CT.

Unusual Cause of Lateral Elbow Pain: A Case Report of Anconeus Muscle Contusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104
Author(s):  
Muhsin E Uluc ◽  
Atilla H Cilengir ◽  
Cemal Kazimoglu ◽  
Özgür Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Coronoid Process ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Elbow Pain ◽  
Lateral Elbow Pain ◽  
Lateral Elbow

The anconeus muscle is a small and minor functioning muscle located at the posterolateral elbow region. It helps forearm extension and tightening of the joint capsule. Despite its limited functions, pathologies of the anconeus muscle can mimic other abnormalities of the elbow joint. Here, we report a rare case of a traumatic anconeus muscle contusion in a 15-year-old boy due to falling during dance. MRI showed contusion in the anconeus muscle, as well as strain in the ulnar collateral ligament and edema in the coronoid process of the ulna. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of traumatic anconeus muscle contusion in the literature. The presence of long-lasting lateral elbow pain in trauma cases without fracture should alert clinicians to consider anconeus muscle abnormalities. MRI is the best modality for diagnosis in these cases.

scholarly journals Characterization of two types of azedinha in the region of Sete Lagoas, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernani C da Silva ◽  
Lanamar de A Carlos ◽  
Ana Paula Araújo ◽  
Leila de CL Ferraz ◽  
Marinalva W Pedrosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Rumex Acetosa ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Longitudinal Diameter

Azedinha (Rumex acetosa) is a vegetable crop species consumed in natura in salads and pertains to the group of non-conventional vegetables. These rustic plants are often considered weeds plants. There exist two types of native azedinha in the Sete Lagoas region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, that are usually grown in family gardens and here denominated Type I and Type II. In this study we characterized the morphologic, physic-chemical and chromatic characteristic of these two types of azedinha. The study was carried out in randomized complete blocks with four replications in dependences of the EPAMIG (Non-Conventional Vegetable Bank) in Prudente de Morais, Brazil. Plants were trained to the point of harvest, 90 days after the planting of seedlings, when they were harvested for analysis. We evaluated the characteristics on the leaves: weight, length, width, number of veins, width/length ratio, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the base of the petiole and longitudinal and transverse diameter ratio of the base of the petiole. We also evaluated the contents of macro and micronutrients and chemical characteristics of the plant. There are significant differences between the assessed characteristics between azedinha types I and II. We concluded that the plants probably belong to two different varieties.

EFFECTS OF DIABETES AND EXERCISE ON SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPERTIES AT THE KNEE IN THE RAT

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Fischer ◽  
Elizabeth A. Novak ◽  
Irina V. Smirnova ◽  
G. Kesava Reddy ◽  
Lisa Stehno-Bittel
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Posterior Tibial

The primary diabetes-related health concerns are neuropathy and cardiovascular changes. Connective tissue changes can also affect quality of life by increasing ligament and joint capsule stiffness, impairing proprioception, limiting function, and leading to greater risk of falling. Our objectives were to evaluate effects of Type I diabetes and exercise on medial collateral ligament properties and overall knee-joint stiffness and stress relaxation. Thirty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats, approximately two months old, were divided into three groups—sedentary controls (n=10), sedentary diabetics (n=10) and exercised diabetics (n=14). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Exercised rats ran 5 days/week, 1 hr/day, at 20 m/min. All animals were sacrificed seven weeks after induction of diabetes. Stiffness and stress relaxation of the whole knee joint was tested in distraction and anterior–posterior tibial displacement. The joint capsule and knee ligaments were then sectioned, preserving the medial collateral ligament (MCL). The MCL structural properties were tested by knee distraction at a flexion angle of 40°. Whole joint stiffness was 23% higher for anterior tibial displacement in the exercised diabetic group, and 31% higher for posterior tibial displacement, compared to controls. Whole joint stress relaxation in distraction was 25% lower for the exercised diabetic group. No differences were found for MCL properties. Diabetes and exercise clearly increased joint stiffness. The effects may be due to tissue adaptation, but appear more likely to be due to increased blood flow that promotes increased tissue glycation in the joint capsule.

scholarly journals Topographic and Histologic Analysis of the Collateral Ligament Complex around the Elbow

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Jong-Pil Kim ◽  
Ji-Kang Park ◽  
Joon-Young Yoo ◽  
Won-Jeong Shin ◽  
Jeong-Sang Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Anatomic Reconstruction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Proximal Ulna ◽  
Maximal Diameter

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate topographic anatomy of the footprints of key ligaments of the elbow and assess their relationships with bony parameters using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Additionally, the ratios of type I/III collagen at the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of elbow were investigated.Methods: Eleven cadaveric elbows attached by both the MCL and LCL were scanned using micro-CT and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Additionally, the ligaments were examined under polarized light microscopy to determine the histological characteristics of collagen patterns. Results: Areas of footprints of the MCL and LCL attaching onto the humerus were 133.2±25.8 mm² and 128.3±23.2 mm², respectively. Footprint sizes of anterior and posterior bundles of the MCL in the proximal ulna and lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) attaching to the proximal ulna averaged to 109.9 mm², 89.2 mm², and 89.7 mm², respectively. There were a positive correlation between footprint size of the MCL and LUCL at the humeral side and a negative correlation between the footprint size of the MCL at humeral side and maximal diameter of the radial head. The collagen I/III ratio of the humeral attachment of the MCL was higher than distal attachment of the MCL. Conclusion: This study provides a better understanding of the pathologies of the MCL and LCL complex of the elbow and their relationships with osseous anatomy and may assist the clinician with an anatomic reconstruction of the ligaments.

scholarly journals Collection grading and evaluation of cumulus-oocyte-complexes for in vitro maturation in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
MNS Talukder ◽  
A Iqbal ◽  
MAMY Khandoker ◽  
MZ Alam
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Culture Condition ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Vitro Production

An alternative to superovulation is in-vitro production (IVP) of embryos where the efficient collection and grading of oocytes is important. Ovaries from an abattoir were collected and categorized as type I with no corpus luteum (CL), and type II with CL. The length, width and weight of type I and type II ovary were 1.4 ± 0.03 and 1.5 ± 0.08 cm; 0.8 ± 0.04 and 1.0 ± 0.07 cm; 0.6 ± 0.07 and 0.7 ± 0.04 gm, respectively, each significantly (P<0.05) higher in type II ovaries. A total of 80 and 78 follicles were observed and 60 and 61 follicles aspirated from left and right ovaries, respectively, from each of 25 ovaries. Out of 133 follicles 100 were aspirated from 40 type-I ovaries, and 21 aspirated from 10 type-II ovaries. The differences in the number of normal, abnormal and total cumulus-oocytecomplex (COCs) per ovary between left and right ovaries were not significant (P>0.05). The number of normal (1.9 ± 0.11) and total (2.5 ± 0.14) COCs per ovary were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ovaries without than in those with CL (1.2 ± 0.36 and 2.0 ± 0.30, respectively). But the number (0.80 ± 0.13) of abnormal COCs per ovary was significantly (P<0.05) higher in ovaries with CL than in those without (0.7 ± 0.09). Significantly (P<0.05) higher percentage of COCs expansion was grade A (6.9 ± 2.05) than grade B (53.1 ± 1.27) COCs. It is suggested that type I (without CL) ovaries and follicles of 2-6 mm diameter are suitable to collect good quality COCs for in-vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and the culture condition for IVM of sheep COCs are reported. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v28i1.8811   Bangl. vet. 2011. Vol. 28, No. 1, 31-38

The Aesthetic and Functional Roles of Spreader Flap in Primary Rhinoplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elnaggar ◽  
Mohammed Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Spreader Graft ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Primary Rhinoplasty ◽  
Valve Reconstruction ◽  
Spreader Flap ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Hump Resection

Dorsal hump resection was considered as the most ordinary part of rhinoplasty. It is obviously noticed that when a humpectomy is performed in a primary rhinoplasty, some surgeons underestimate the middle third (internal valve) reconstruction resulting in an inverted-V deformity. Although spreader graft is the gold standard for middle vault reconstruction, attention is turned to returning a portion of the hump following dorsal reduction in an attempt to reconstruct the middle vault. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of spreader flap in primary rhinoplasties. This study included 40 patients classified into 3 groups as follows: (1) type I—mild cartilaginous hump, (2) type II—moderate cartilaginous hump, and (3) type III—huge cartilaginous hump. The results are satisfactory in most cases regarding the aesthetic and functional outcomes. Using auto-spreader flaps is shown to be simple, reproducible, and effective in shaping the midvault while keeping the internal valve intact.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligaments

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsuaki Edama ◽  
Tomoya Takabayashi ◽  
Hirotake Yokota ◽  
Ryo Hrabayashi ◽  
Chie Sekine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Bundle ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in morphological features between the long plantar ligament (LPL) and the short plantar ligament (SPL). Methods This investigation examined 50 legs from 25 Japanese cadavers. The LPL and SPL of each leg were classified into one of three types based on the shape and number of fiber bundles. Then, fiber bundle length, fiber bundle width, and fiber bundle thickness were measured. Results The LPL was rectangular in shape (Type I) in 12%, hourglass shape (Type II) in 62%, and triangular in shape (Type III) in 26%. The SPL was a single fiber bundle (Type I-a) in 26%, a surface fiber bundle and a deep fiber bundle (Type I-b) in 60%, and a surface fiber bundle (medial and lateral) and a deep fiber bundle (Type II) in 14%. Regarding the morphological characteristics, there were no significant differences among the types in the LPL, but there were differences between types and between surface and deep fiber bundles in the SPL. Conclusions For the LPL, the hourglass shape is the most common type. However, there appeared to be no functional difference due to the difference in the shape of the LPL, since there were no significant differences among the types in the LPL. For the SPL, there were types of single, double and triple fiber bundles; there may be functional differences based on the number of fiber bundles and between superficial and deep fibers.

scholarly journals Endosperm evolution by duplicated and neofunctionalized Type I MADS-box transcription factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichun Qiu ◽  
Claudia Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Angiosperm Evolution ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Rates Of Evolution

MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) are present in nearly all major eukaryotic groups. They are divided into Type I and Type II that differ in domain structure, functional roles, and rates of evolution. In flowering plants, major evolutionary innovations like flowers, ovules and fruits have been closely connected to Type II MADS-box TFs. The role of Type I MADS-box TFs in angiosperm evolution remains to be identified. Here, we show that the formation of angiosperm-specific Type I MADS-box clades of Mγ and Mγ-interacting Mα genes (Mα*) can be tracked back to the ancestor of all angiosperms. Angiosperm-specific Mγ and Mα* genes were preferentially expressed in the endosperm, consistent with their proposed function as heterodimers in the angiosperm-specific embryo-nourishing endosperm tissue. We propose that duplication and diversification of Type I MADS-genes underpins the evolution of the endosperm, a developmental innovation closely connected to the origin and success of angiosperms.

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