scholarly journals Measurements of Tendon Movement Within the Bicipital Groove After Suprapectoral Intra-articular Biceps Tenodesis in a Cadaveric Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712097753
Author(s):  
Brian J. Kelly ◽  
Alan W. Reynolds ◽  
Patrick J. Schimoler ◽  
Alexander Kharlamov ◽  
Mark Carl Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Bicipital Groove ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Scapular Motion

Background: Lesions of the long head of the biceps can be successfully treated with biceps tenotomy or tenodesis when surgical management is elected. The advantage of a tenodesis is that it prevents the potential development of a cosmetic deformity or cramping muscle pain. Proponents of a subpectoral tenodesis believe that “groove pain” may remain a problem after suprapectoral tenodesis as a result of persistent motion of the tendon within the bicipital groove. Purpose/Hypothesis: To evaluate the motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove before and after a suprapectoral intra-articular tenodesis. The hypothesis was that there would be minimal to no motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove after tenodesis. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six fresh-frozen cadaveric arms were dissected to expose the long head of the biceps tendon as well as the bicipital groove. Inclinometers and fiducials (optical markers) were used to measure the motions of the scapula, forearm, and biceps tendon through a full range of shoulder and elbow motions. A suprapectoral biceps tenodesis was then performed, and the motions were repeated. The motion of the biceps tendon was quantified as a function of scapular or forearm motion in each plane, both before and after the tenodesis. Results: There was minimal motion of the native biceps tendon during elbow flexion and extension but significant motion during all planes of scapular motion before tenodesis, with the most motion occurring during shoulder flexion-extension (20.73 ± 8.21 mm). The motion of the biceps tendon after tenodesis was significantly reduced during every plane of scapular motion compared with the native state ( P < .01 in all planes of motion), with a maximum motion of only 1.57 mm. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant reduction in motion of the biceps tendon in all planes of scapular motion after the intra-articular biceps tenodesis. The motion of the biceps tendon within the bicipital groove was essentially eliminated after the suprapectoral biceps tenodesis. Clinical Relevance: This arthroscopic suprapectoral tenodesis technique can significantly reduce motion of the biceps tendon within the groove in this cadaveric study, possibly reducing the likelihood of groove pain in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis comparing tenotomy or tenodesis for lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon with concomitant reparable rotator cuff tears

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyan Na ◽  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Yuting Shi ◽  
Yizhong Ren ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Constant Score ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Supination Strength

Abstract Background The best treatment for lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) with concomitant reparable rotator cuff tears is still controversial. The purpose of the meta-analysis was to compare clinical outcomes of biceps tenotomy and tenodesis for LHBT lesions. Methods A literature retrieval was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1979 to March 2018. Comparative studies (level of evidence I or II) comparing tenotomy and tenodesis for LHBT lesions with concomitant reparable rotator cuff tears were included. Risk of bias for all included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. Clinical outcomes compared were Popeye sign, Constant score, VAS pain score, cramping pain, elbow flexion and forearm supination strength, and re-tear of the rotator cuff. Results Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five prospective cohort studies (PCS) with 288 biceps tenotomy patients and 303 biceps tenodesis patients were included in this review. Tenotomy resulted in significantly greater rates of Popeye sign (RR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.80 to 4.04]; P < 0.01) and a less favorable Constant score (MD, − 1.09 [95% CI, − 1.90 to − 0.28]; P < 0.01) compared to tenodesis. No significant heterogeneity was found between the two groups across all parameters except forearm supination strength. Conclusions The current evidence indicates that biceps tenodesis for LHBT lesions with concomitant reparable rotator cuff tears results in decreased rate of Popeye sign and improved Constant score compared to biceps tenotomy. Trial registration PROSPERO, CRD42018105504. Registered on 13 August 2018.

scholarly journals SLAP Tears

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263502542110007
Author(s):  
Steven B. Cohen ◽  
John R. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Shoulder Arthroscopy ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Slap Repair ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Labral Tears ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Background: Superior labral tears are frequently encountered during shoulder arthroscopy. Outcomes following superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) repairs in young athletes have been well documented. Superior labral repairs in older patient population continue to remain controversial due to concerns of postoperative complications including persistent preoperative symptoms, pain, stiffness, and higher rates of revision surgery. Indications: We present a case of a highly active 38-year-old woman who failed 1½ years of nonoperative management of a type IIB SLAP tear with extension to the posterior labrum. Her symptoms continued to limit her hobbies and work. Technique: A knotless single-anchor SLAP repair was performed along with debridement of the posterior frayed labrum. No biceps tenotomy or tenodesis was performed after full evaluation of the tendon failed to demonstrate evidence of synovitis, tendinopathy, or tear. The patient also did not have any concomitant shoulder pathology, including a rotator cuff tear or chondral lesion. Results: At 6 months, the patient had regained full range of motion similar to the contralateral side. She had returned to her normal activities and sports, including tennis. Discussion/Conclusion: Successful outcomes following SLAP repairs in patients over 35 years can be achieved, but treatment should be individualized with particular attention to concomitant pathology involving the rotator cuff, chondral surface, or biceps tendon which may require tenodesis or tenotomy.

scholarly journals Suprapectoral vs. Intra Articular Biceps Tenodesis: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0010
Author(s):  
Brian M. Godshaw ◽  
Nicholas Kolodychuk ◽  
Benjamin Bryan Browning ◽  
Gerard Williams ◽  
Rachel Burdette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Distally Based

Objectives: The long head of the biceps tendon is a frequent pain generator within the shoulder. It is subjected to trauma and wear within the glenohumeral joint and within the intertubercular groove. Tenodesis of this tendon is a common treatment option for patients experiencing biceps tendon related pain. There are several different techniques to perform this procedure. Proximal intra-articular tenodesis can be performed but leaves the tendon within the intertubercular groove. Alternatively, suprapectoral tenodesis can be performed removing the tendon from the bicipital groove and sheath while avoiding conversion to an open procedure. Further, suprapectoral tenodesis limits complications associated with an open distally based incision. Several studies have compared these techniques to tenotomy or open-subpectoral tenodesis. This is the first study to directly compare patient outcomes between intra-articular and suprapectoral bicep tenodeses. Methods: Retrospective review of patients undergoing intra-articular or suprapectoral arthroscopic biceps tenodesis from 2010 - 2015. Clinical outcomes were measured at set intervals post-operatively (3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and compared to pre-operative scores. Outcome measures included short form-12, both physical (PSF) and mental (MSF) component scores, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES). Results: A total of 96 patients were available for this study, 43 had intra-articular tenodesis and 56 had suprapectoral tenodesis. There was no difference in functional outcomes between intra and extra articular biceps tenodesis at 1-year post-operative. The intra-articular group had a quicker improvement in scores with the greatest increase at 3 months post-operatively, specifically in PSF group (p=0.016): however, this difference leveled off at 1-year follow up (p=0.238). The intra-articular group had greater absolute scores at all measured time points, but not significantly. Both groups showed improvement in all outcome measures and there was found to be no difference in changes for ASES, PSF, or MSF (p=0.262, p=0.489, and p=0.907 respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both intra-articular and surpapectoral techniques are acceptable options for biceps tenodesis. Despite leaving the biceps tendon within the glenohumeral joint and intertubercular groove, the intra-articular technique offers similar improvement in outcome measures to the suprapectoral technique.

scholarly journals Correlation between smoking and neovascularization in biceps tendinopathy: a functional preoperative and immunohistochemical study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204062232095641
Author(s):  
Jan Zabrzynski ◽  
Maciej Gagat ◽  
Lukasz Paczesny ◽  
Dariusz Grzanka ◽  
Gazi Huri
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Preoperative Status ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Head

Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether smoking is associated with neovascularization in the tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT). Methods: The study included 40 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic biceps tenotomy/tenodesis due to chronic biceps tendinopathy and divided into three groups: (1) non-smokers, (2) former smokers, (3) smokers. LHBT tissue samples were stained with H&E, Alcian blue and Trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical examination was performed using anti-CD31 and anti-CD34. The neovessel density score (NDS) was scored by Bonar criteria. Results: The mean period of smoking was 15.50 years with an average number of 24 cigarettes/day in the former smokers and 21.69 years with an average number of 15 cigarettes/day in the active smokers. The mean NDS was 2.23/3 in non-smokers, whereas it was 1.60/3 in former smokers and 1.31/3 in active smokers. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score equaled 46 in never smoked patients, 43.60 in former smokers, and 41.46 in active smokers. In the patients with smoking history, the disorganized tendinous tissue islands were avascular and composed of compact acidic polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides. We observed negative correlation between the NDS and the smoking indexes, including cigarettes per day ( p = 0.0150), smoking years ( p = 0.0140), pack-years ( p = 0.0088). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study revealed that smoking impairs the vascularization of the biceps tendon in chronic tendinopathy. Clinically, we observed a negative correlation between smoking and neovascularization. Furthermore, there was no correlation between neovascularization and functional preoperative status.

scholarly journals Radiostereometric Analysis Of Biceps Tenodesis: A Comparison Of Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0012
Author(s):  
Kelechi Okoroha ◽  
Brandon J. Manderle ◽  
Alexander Beletsky ◽  
Adam Blair Yanke ◽  
Brian J. Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screw Fixation ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Radiostereometric Analysis ◽  
Arthroscopic Technique ◽  
Distal Migration ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Anchor Fixation

Objectives: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (BT) is a common surgical procedure for treatment of anterior shoulder pain due to long head of the biceps pathology. BT can be accomplished via several different techniques. There continues to be a paucity of literature comparing the different techniques and fixation devices. The purpose of this study was to compare 4 different techniques for accomplishing a BT utilizing radiostereometric analysis. Methods: This study was a prospectively enrolled non-randomized trial of patients undergoing BT. All patients were treated at a single institution by 1 of 4 surgeons. Four different techniques were analyzed, 1) open BT with screw fixation, 2) open BT with single anchor fixation, 3) arthroscopic BT with screw fixation, and 4) arthroscopic BT with two suture anchor fixation. After the BT was completed a tantalum bead was sewn to the long head of the biceps tendon. This bead acted as a marker of the position of the biceps tendon. X-rays were taken during surgery while the patient remained sedated to establish time zero bead position. Follow up x-rays were completed at the patients 1st post-operative visit and 12 week post-operative visit. Position of the bead was measured at each time point in mm from the proximal most point of the humerus to its position distally. Results: A total of 60 patients were included in the analysis, with 15 patients in each of the 4 groups. Final bead position differed significantly for the open and arthroscopic techniques (107.35±20.39mm, 65.64±23.69mm, p<0.001), but did not differ significantly between the two open techniques and the two arthroscopic technique (p>0.05). The open technique resulted in 7.69±5.98mm of distal migration while the arthroscopic technique resulted in a similar amount of distal migration, 8.93±2.71mm. Conclusion: Short-term radiographic outcomes following open and arthroscopic biceps tenodesis revealed that each technique results in stable fixation of the tendon with minimal migration. Although a statistically significant migration occurred, this is likely clinically insignificant. This initial migration observed could be due to increased tensioning of the tendon when the patient is awake versus sedated.

Characterization of the Proximal Long Head of Biceps Tendon Anatomy Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Implications for Biceps Tenodesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 036354652097663
Author(s):  
Eugene T. Ek ◽  
Andrew J. Philpott ◽  
Jennifer N. Flynn ◽  
Nada Richards ◽  
Andrew J. Hardidge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Shoulder Mri ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Superior Border

Background: Biceps tenodesis is a common treatment for proximal long head of biceps (LHB) tendon pathology. To maintain biceps strength and contour and minimize cramping, restoration of muscle-length tension and appropriate positioning of the tenodesis is key. Little is known about the biceps musculotendinous junction (MTJ) anatomy, especially in relation to the overlying pectoralis major tendon (PMT), which is a commonly used landmark for tenodesis positioning. Purpose: To characterize the in vivo topographic anatomy of the LHB tendon, in particular the MTJ relative to the PMT, using a novel axial proton-density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: In total, 45 patients having a shoulder MRI for symptoms unrelated to their biceps tendon or rotator cuff were prospectively recruited. There were 33 men and 12 women, with a mean age of 37 ± 13 years (range, 18-59 years). All patients underwent routine shoulder MRI scans with an additional axial proton density sequence examining the LHB tendon and its MTJ. Three independent observers reviewed each MRI scan, and measurements were obtained for (1) MTJ length, (2) the distance between the proximal MTJ and the superior border of the PMT (MTJ-S), (3) the distance between the distal MTJ to the inferior border of the PMT, and (4) the width of the PMT. Results: The average position of the MTJ-S was 5.9 ± 10.8 mm distal to the superior border of the PMT. The mean MTJ length was 32.5 ± 8.3 mm and the width of the PMT was 28.0 ± 7.3 mm. We found no significant correlation between patient age, height, sex, or body mass index and any of the biceps measurements. We observed wide variability of the MTJ-S position and identified 3 distinct types of biceps MTJ: type 1, MTJ-S above the PMT; type 2, MTJ-S between 0 and 10 mm below the superior border of the PMT; and type 3, MTJ-S >10 mm distal to the superior PMT. Conclusion: In this study, the in vivo anatomy of the LHB tendon is characterized relative to the PMT using a novel MRI sequence. The results demonstrate wide variability in the position of the MTJ relative to the PMT, which can be classified into 3 distinct subtypes or zones relative to the superior border of the PMT. Understanding this potentially allows for accurate and anatomic placement of the biceps tendon for tenodesis. Clinical Relevance: To our knowledge, this is the first study to radiologically analyze the in vivo topographic anatomy of the LHB tendon and its MTJ. The results of this study provide more detailed understanding of the variability of the biceps MTJ, thus allowing for more accurate placement of the biceps tendon during tenodesis.

Impact of experimental long head of biceps tendon pain on shoulder abduction and elbow flexion strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535-1536
Author(s):  
Masashi Izumi ◽  
Yutaka Morisawa ◽  
Yoshitaka Muramatsu ◽  
Yukihiro Kajita ◽  
Yusuke Iwahori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Long Head Of Biceps ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Flexion Strength

A Comparison of Forearm Supination and Elbow Flexion Strength in Patients With Long Head of the Biceps Tenotomy or Tenodesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Shank ◽  
Steven B. Singleton ◽  
Sepp Braun ◽  
Michael J. Kissenberth ◽  
Arun Ramappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Biceps Tenotomy ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Flexion Strength

scholarly journals Quantification of Long Head of the Biceps Tendon Motion After Loop ‘N’ Tack Suprapectoral Biceps Tenodesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Kelly ◽  
Patrick J. Schimoler ◽  
Alexander Kharlamov ◽  
Mark Carl Miller ◽  
Sam Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Long Head

scholarly journals Subpectoral versus suprapectoral biceps tenodesis yields similar clinical outcomes: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. jisakos-2020-000543
Author(s):  
John W Belk ◽  
Stephen G Thon ◽  
John Hart ◽  
Eric C McCarty, Jr. ◽  
Eric C McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Biceps Tenodesis ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Long Head

ImportanceArthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis (ABT) and open subpectoral biceps tenodesis (OBT) are two surgical treatment options for relief of long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) pathology and superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tears. There is insufficient knowledge regarding the clinical superiority of one technique over the other.ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature in order to compare the clinical outcomes and safety of ABT and OBT for treatment of LHBT or SLAP pathology.Evidence reviewA systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase to identify studies that compared the clinical efficacy of ABT versus OBT. The search phrase used was: (bicep OR biceps OR biceps brachii OR long head of biceps brachii OR biceps tendinopathy) AND (tenodesis). Patients were assessed based on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score, the visual analogue scale, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Constant-Murley Score, clinical failure, range of motion, bicipital groove pain and strength. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed, and both the Cochrane Collaboration’s and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) risk of bias tools were used to evaluate risk of bias.FindingsEight studies (one level I, seven level III) met inclusion criteria, including 326 patients undergoing ABT and 381 patients undergoing OBT. No differences were found in treatment failure rates or patient-reported outcome scores between groups in any study. One study found OBT patients to experience significantly increased range of shoulder forward flexion when compared with ABT patients (p=0.049). Two studies found ABT patients to experience significantly more postoperative stiffness when compared with OBT patients (p<0.05).ConclusionsPatients undergoing ABT and OBT can be expected to experience similar improvements in clinical outcomes at latest follow-up without differences treatment failure or functional performance. ABT patients may experience an increased incidence of stiffness in the early postoperative period.Level of evidenceIII.

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