Racialized Organizations and Color-Blind Racial Ideology in Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 233264922094322
Author(s):  
Ian Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Racial Ideology ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Racism ◽  
Color Blind

Although the relationship between organizations and structural racism is well established, less is known about how racialization occurs within organizations. Overlooking how racial ideology is imbued in organizational logic obscures the role organizations play in reproducing structural racism. The prevalence of color-blind racial ideology further complicates the study of racialization, as most societies deny the existence of racism targeting people of color. In this article the author asks, How does color-blind racial ideology guide management decisions and the rationalization of racially unequal organizational practices? Using an extended case study method, the author examines sugar-ethanol mills in Brazil, where nonwhite workers are disproportionately exposed to hazardous risks. The author argues that the racialization of organizational practices occurs through a twofold process in which white elites use nonracial discourse to rationalize unequal outcomes and to reproduce the social conditions that steer nonwhite peoples into hazardous worksites. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, through the discursive frames of cultural racism, naturalization, victimization, and politicized markets, the author shows how the allocation of resources and opportunities at the organizational level shapes and is shaped by racialized social systems. Second, by studying unequal relations in Brazil, the author elucidates the long-standing presence of color blindness in Iberian America while also tracing similarities and differences with color-blind racism in the United States.

scholarly journals Organizational Practices and Workplace Relationships in Precarious Work: New Survey Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
Workplace Relationships ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Regular Contact ◽  
Retail Workers

Organizational practices are important dimensions of the social contexts that shape relationship formation. In workplaces, the formation of relationships among coworkers are resources for personal outcomes, and they can be channels through which workers might identify common grievances, form workplace solidarity, and engage in collective action. Using a unique dataset of retail workers across the United States, The Shift Project, this paper examines two potential pathways by which organizational practices common in precarious jobs in the retail industry in the U.S. might shape the formation of workplace relationships. I find evidence of the role of both pathways: practices that limit the opportunities for regular contact and practices that negatively impact the conditions of contact among employees are both associated with fewer workplace ties. I discuss the implications of these findings for the study of collective action, and network ecology.

scholarly journals A Behavioral Analysis of Two Strategies to Eliminate Racial Bias in Police Use-of-Force

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mychal Machado ◽  
Ashley Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Bias ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
Behavior Analysts ◽  
Excessive Use Of Force

Structural racism is rooted in American social systems that were supposedly designed to promote our right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Social systems like policing, for example, are built on a foundation of discriminatory practices designed to disenfranchise Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). One of the most recent visible examples of racially-biased policing is the excessive use-of-force by officers toward BIPOC. In response, advocates, policy makers, and researchers have sought solutions. Police use-of-force reforms such as Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) and Implicit Bias Training (IBT) have become popular and are currently being applied in many police departments across the country. However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of these reform strategies to reduce use-of-force is mixed, and further evaluations are needed to understand why these strategies are purported to be an effective solution. The purpose of the current review is to ignite future empirical evaluations of use-of-force reform. Following a summary of the research conducted to date on BWCs and IBT, we will conclude with a brief discussion of how behavior analysts might improve and foster strategies that are efficacious. Our ultimate goal is to leave the reader with an understanding of where the data have taken us thus far, and how behavior analysts and others can contribute to the reduction and eradication of the discriminatory practices present in policing and other social systems.

scholarly journals Organizing alternatives : examining normative and alternative nonprofit organizing practices

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Jensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organizational Problem ◽  
Communicative Constitution ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relations Of Power

Homelessness presents a massive organizational problem in the United States, with over 400,000 men, women, and children making use of shelter services each night. In this study, I take a comparative ethnographic approach to study how the use of the organizing Discourses of feminism, paternalism, neoliberalism, and anarchism result in more normative or alternative organizing practices. My project examines the organizing practices at two shelters for homeless women. One shelter is affiliated with an international religious nonprofit organization and self-identified anarchists run the other. Using the communicative constitution of organization (CCO) and institutional logics theories, I propose a theoretical framework for understanding how organizing Discourses are enacted or resisted at the organizational and individual level. My findings highlight how the institutional logics of responsibility, social welfare, and market manifest in different and sometimes paradoxical organizing practices based on the Discourse that is being translated. In this project, I highlight and critique how Discursive translations of institutional logics structure relations of power that impact agency at the individual and organizational level. My project has implications for understanding why the United States organizes around the social problem of homelessness the way it does, and explores alternatives to normative nonprofit organizing practices.

scholarly journals Developmental Origins of Anti-Black Bias in White US Children: Exposure to and Beliefs about Racial Inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rizzo ◽  
Tobias Britton ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Racial Inequalities

Anti-Black racism remains a pervasive crisis in the United States today. Racist social systems are rooted in prejudicial beliefs that reinforce and perpetuate racial inequalities. These beliefs have their developmental origins in early childhood and are difficult to change once entrenched in adolescence and adulthood. What causes children to form prejudicial beliefs and racial biases—and what steps can be taken to preempt them from forming—remain open questions. Here we show that children’s exposure to and beliefs about racial inequalities predict the formation of anti-Black biases in a sample of 712 White children (4-8 years) living across the United States. Drawing from constructivist theories in developmental science, we outline a novel account of the emergence of racial bias in early childhood: As children observe racial inequalities in the world around them, they develop beliefs about the causal factors underlying those inequalities. Children who believe that inequalities reflect the inherent superiority/inferiority of racial groups develop biases that perpetuate this worldview, whereas those who recognize the extrinsic causes of racial inequalities develop attitudes geared towards rectification. Our results demonstrate the importance of early intervention to disrupt problematic beliefs before they emerge and highlight children’s awareness of structural racism as an important target for anti-racist intervention.

The Prosperity Gospel of Coronavirus Response

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Paul A. Djupe ◽  
Ryan P. Burge
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concerted Action ◽  
Prosperity Gospel ◽  
Social Good ◽  
The Social ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
State Responses

Abstract The sweep of the coronavirus pandemic across the world and the United States offers an almost unparalleled opportunity to study how social systems cope with the threat and opportunities for collective action. In this paper, we draw on survey data collected as the United States flailed in response and before a general consensus among executive officeholders developed in the following weeks. In particular, we assess how holding prosperity gospel views strongly shaped perceptions of the virus and reactions to state responses to the virus. Research on the prosperity gospel is slowly expanding and this paper helps to highlight some missing dimensions. At a time when concerted action for the social good could be uniting the country, prosperity gospel beliefs systematically undermine that possibility by augmenting threat, raising outgroup barriers, and decreasing social trust.

scholarly journals Moving Beyond the Statements: The Need for Action to Address Structural Racism at Predominantly White Institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Monica Burke
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
White Institutions ◽  
The Social

Higher education may once again be at a crossroad with the racial climate in the United States and what that means for college campuses. Consequently, institutions of higher education must commit to ensuring a supportive organizational structure for the social and psychosocial well-being of Black students and guaranteeing support resources for the psychological well-being of Black students. Such efforts require significant and enduring structural changes within institutions of higher education that should be ongoing and consistent.

scholarly journals Female Offenders in Child Sexual Abuse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. McLeod ◽  
Zackery D.O. Dunnells ◽  
Burcu Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Sexual Offenders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Trauma

In the United States criminal justice system, female sexual offenders are among the most unrepresented groups of individuals, and they have evaded detection and/or prosecution for many reasons. This chapter explores the characteristics and patterns of female sexual offenders based on the collection of available literature. We will discuss how personal trauma histories, mental health, substance abuse, and motivations of female sexual offenders differ from their male counterparts. Additionally, we cover how social perception presents female sexual offenders in a light that adversely impacts their interactions with the social systems and explore empirically validated myths, risks, and interventions for this population.

Joint markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Kjellberg ◽  
David Olson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulated Markets ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Market Delineation

Combining previous work on market formation and regulation with a case study of the emerging legal cannabis markets in the United States, we develop the argument that interrelations to other markets contribute significantly to constitute the social systems of regulated markets. Specifically, market interrelations enacted during legitimation and regulation influence who becomes involved in the market formation process and direct attention to specific issues in that process. After successfully (re)regulating a market, new interrelations are enacted via practices borrowed from historic, parallel and auxiliary markets, and via material influences based on complementarity and substitutability. While these multiple interrelations to other markets complicate market delineation, they are also a historical precondition for it.

scholarly journals Pervasive structural racism in environmental epidemiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Perry ◽  
Suzanne Arrington ◽  
Marlaina S. Freisthler ◽  
Ifeoma N. Ibe ◽  
Nathan L. McCray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Environmental Epidemiology ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Environmental Racism ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
The Social

Abstract Background Epistemological biases in environmental epidemiology prevent the full understanding of how racism’s societal impacts directly influence health outcomes. With the ability to focus on “place” and the totality of environmental exposures, environmental epidemiologists have an important opportunity to advance the field by proactively investigating the structural racist forces that drive disparities in health. Objective This commentary illustrates how environmental epidemiology has ignored racism for too long. Some examples from environmental health and male infertility are used to illustrate how failing to address racism neglects the health of entire populations. Discussion While research on environmental justice has attended to the structural sources of environmental racism, this work has not been fully integrated into the mainstream of environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology’s dominant paradigm that reduces race to a mere data point avoids the social dimensions of health and thus fails to improve population health for all. Failing to include populations who are Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) in health research means researchers actually know very little about the effect of environmental contaminants on a range of population health outcomes. This commentary offers different practical solutions, such as naming racism in research, including BIPOC in leadership positions, mandating requirements for discussing “race”, conducting far more holistic analyses, increasing community participation in research, and improving racism training, to address the myriad of ways in which structural racism permeates environmental epidemiology questions, methods, results and impacts.

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