scholarly journals A History of the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants: Creating an Organization, Winning Hearts and Minds, and Building an Invaluable Profession

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237428952097515
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Reilly ◽  
James R. Wright
Keyword(s):  
American Association ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Hearts And Minds

Thomas D. Kinney and Duke University started the first formal university-based training program for pathologists’ assistants in 1969. Over the next 2 years, 2 more university-based programs were established. All 3 programs were affiliated with nearby Veterans Administration Hospitals and were funded as a pilot study by the US Veterans Administration to address a looming shortage of pathologists. Early graduates of these programs discovered that the concept of pathologists’ assistants with well-defined skill sets encompassing both surgical and autopsy pathology was not initially accepted by important elements of organized pathology. Indeed, many academic pathologists were opposed to the concept from the outset. In the face of such opposition, a group of practicing pathologists’ assistants created and incorporated their own professional organization, the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants, to provide support, advocacy, and continuing education for individual practicing pathologists’ assistants. The history of the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants and its role in the establishment and success of the pathologists’ assistant profession are described utilizing personal communications as well as published historical sources.

scholarly journals The History of Pathologists' Assistants: A Tale of 2 Educational Mavericks

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Wright
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Physician Assistants ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Medical Work ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Duke University

Context.— The use of medical technologists to assist with clinical pathology workload has been common since the 1930s. In stark contrast, most aspects of anatomical pathology have traditionally been considered to be medical work that must be performed by pathologists or residents. Objective.— To describe the history of the pathologists' assistant profession in North America. Design.— Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. Results.— The concept of physician assistants, capable of performing delegated medical tasks, was created by Eugene A. Stead Jr, MD, at Duke University in 1965. When this profession began, it was quickly embraced by the American Medical Association, which took ownership related to certification and licensing of practitioners as well as external accreditation of training programs. Because of concerns about pathology manpower in the late 1960s, Thomas D. Kinney, MD, also at Duke University, developed the first training program for pathologists' assistants in 1969. Pathologists' assistants were not immediately accepted by many academic pathologists, especially related to work in the surgical pathology gross room. Organized pathology did not help the new profession develop standards, and so in 1972 pathologists' assistants created their own professional organization, the American Association of Pathologists' Assistants. Although it took several decades, the association was eventually able to forge relationships with the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences for training program accreditation and the American Society for Clinical Pathology for board certification for practitioners. The development of the profession in Canada is also described. Conclusions.— The pathologists' assistant profession is now well established in North America.

Consensus by Schooling and Power: The Indoctrination of the Elites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louçã Francisco ◽  
Ash Michael
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hearts And Minds

Chapter 7 describes the origins of the Chicago School and its successful projection into the hearts and minds of the global ruling class. Working chronologically, there is a description of how this program took root in Chicago and how some of its central figures, Friedman and Harberger, undertook a hemispheric campaign to capture both academic and government institutions. A history of the deregulation movement in the US and case studies of Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil highlight the breadth and depth of the campaign. The chapter closes in Europe where the neoliberal insurgency faced more-developed social states. Its success varied in Britain, France, and Germany.

Denaturalizing the Monroe Doctrine: The rise of Latin American legal anti-imperialism in the face of the modern US and hemispheric redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-555
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Scarfi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Monroe Doctrine ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pan Americanism

AbstractThe Monroe Doctrine was originally formulated as a US foreign policy principle, but in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it began to be redefined in relation to both the hemispheric policy of Pan-Americanism and the interventionist policies of the US in Central America and the Caribbean. Although historians and social scientists have devoted a great deal of attention to Latin American anti-imperialist ideologies, there was a distinct legal tradition within the broader Latin American anti-imperialist traditions especially concerned with the nature and application of the Monroe Doctrine, which has been overlooked by international law scholars and the scholarship focusing on Latin America. In recent years, a new revisionist body of research has emerged exploring the complicity between the history of modern international law and imperialism, as well as Third World perspectives on international law, but this scholarship has begun only recently to explore legal anti-imperialist contributions and their legacy. The purpose of this article is to trace the rise of this Latin American anti-imperialist legal tradition, assessing its legal critique of the Monroe Doctrine and its implications for current debates about US exceptionalism and elastic behaviour in international law and organizations, especially since 2001.

Byzantines and Crusaders in Non-Greek Sources, 1025-1204

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Fourth Crusade ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich

These chapters survey the range of historical sources from the peoples who collided with the Byzantine Empire during this period of dramatic upheaval. The Empire that had been expanded and consolidated by Basil II (d. 1025) was to disintegrate in the face of incursions from the north and Muslim east. In addition, pilgrims and crusaders from the west passed through the Empire and settled – culminating in the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In order to understand the history of the region during this period, one must be aware of the rich source material created by these shifting populations, in a wide range of languages, and with differing traditions of historical writing. The 14 chapters give an overview of the material, highlighting any problems the historian may have in dealing with it, and provide detailed bibliographical surveys. Latin, Arabic, Jewish, Slavonic, Georgian, Armenian, and Syriac sources are all discussed.

Entangled Trading

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane-Laure Arjaliès ◽  
Philip Grant ◽  
Iain Hardie ◽  
Donald MacKenzie ◽  
Ekaterina Svetlova
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soft Dollars ◽  
Dark Pools ◽  
Chain Entanglements

Chapter 5 follows the investment chain from the ‘buy side’ of investment management into the ‘sell side’ of brokers and traders. It discusses the development of ‘dark pools’—private share-trading venues in which subscribers can bid to buy shares or offer to sell them without those bids or offers being visible to the market at large. Originally, access to dark pools was restricted to investment management firms, and the pools were intended to permit those firms to buy or sell large blocks of shares among themselves at low cost and without the ‘market impact’ of trading in the public markets. The history of dark pools, however, shows how hard it has been to cling to that vision in the face of investment chain entanglements. The entanglement on which the chapter focuses most relates to the ways of payments (colloquially known in the US as ‘soft dollars’) for sell-side research.

scholarly journals Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
American Association ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aerosol Measurement ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerosol Science ◽  
Technology History

Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews captures an exciting slice of history in the evolution of aerosol science. It presents in-depth biographies of four leading international aerosol researchers and highlights pivotal research institutions in New York, Minnesota, and Austria. One collection of chapters reflects on the legacy of the Pasadena smog experiment, while another presents a fascinating overview of military applications and nuclear aerosols. Finally, prominent researchers offer detailed reviews of aerosol measurement, processes, experiments, and technology that changed the face of aerosol science. This volume is the third in a series and is supported by the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) History Working Group, whose goal is to produce archival books from its symposiums on the history of aerosol science to ensure a lasting record. It is based on papers presented at the Third Aerosol History Symposium on September 8 and 9, 2006, in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

The Backbone of Credit: The Institutional Foundations of Colonial America’s Economy of Credit and Collateral

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
Claire Priest
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Simple Solution ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Appointed Officials ◽  
Institutional Foundations

This chapter begins by looking at the role of the common pleas courts in colonial credit relations, followed by an examination of the early history of title recording. Historical sources reveal that in most colonies, the adoption of local public title recording was driven both by concerns over convenience and by concerns about fraudulent conveyances — that is, problems arising from a lack of transparency in the purchase and mortgage markets. Most colonies offered a simple solution: mortgages and deeds could be recorded at the sessions of the common pleas courts. Public authentication of deeds and title recording streamlined the existing English conveyancing practices and allowed for the recording of all forms of property serving as collateral, including, most consequentially, slaves. The chapter also demonstrates how the process of securing property rights made some of the colonial legislatures stronger and more deeply intertwined with local institutions than they were before. Creating and empowering local administrations required the colonial legislatures to assert their authority, at times in the face of countervailing assertions of power by crown-appointed officials.

Armenians Beyond Diaspora

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsolin Nalbantian
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of

A socio-political and cultural history of the Armenians in Cold War Lebanon, this book argues that Armenians around the world – in the face of the Genocide, and despite the absence of an independent nation-state after World War I – developed dynamic socio-political, cultural, ideological and ecclesiastical centres. And it focuses on one such centre, Beirut, in the postcolonial 1940s and 1950s. Tsolin Nalbantian explores Armenians’ discursive re-positioning within the newly independent Lebanese nation-state; the political-cultural impact (in Lebanon as well as Syria) of the 1946–8 repatriation initiative to Soviet Armenia; the 1956 Catholicos election; and the 1957 Lebanese elections and 1958 mini-civil war. What emerges is a post-Genocide Armenian history of – principally – power, renewal and presence, rather than one of loss and absence. Armenians Beyond Diaspora: Making Lebanon Their Own investigates Lebanese Armenians’ changing views of their place in the making of the Lebanese state and its wider Arab environment, and in relation to the Armenian Socialist Soviet Republic. It challenges the dominant Armenian historiography, which treats Lebanese Armenians as a subsidiary of an Armenian global diaspora, and contributes to an understanding of the development of class and sectarian cleavages that led to the breakdown of civil society in Lebanon from 1975. In highlighting the role of societal actors in the US–Soviet Cold War in the Middle East, it also questions the tendency to read Middle East history through the lens of dominant (Arab) nationalisms.

scholarly journals HEALTH INSURANCE IN THE US: OBAMA VERSUS TRUMP

2021 ◽  
Vol IV(1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titu-Marius I. Băjenescu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
John Mccain ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Affordable Care Act ◽  
To Receive

The article elucidates the history of US law, known as Obamacare. Usually you find out that you are eligible for Medicaid when you fill out a health insurance application on the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which passes the information to Medicaid. Because you applied for health insurance on an Obamacare health insurance scholarship, you may be surprised to receive Medicaid instead of a private Obamacare plan. Following the inauguration, Donald Trump signed an order repealing the Affordable Care Act (the Obamacare Act). The decree is symbolic, being the first signed by Donald Trump when he officially took office. This repeal is perceived as a break with the previous government. However, in the face of opposition from the House of Representatives, the text aimed at repealing Obamacare was finally withdrawn on March 24th, 2017, at the request of the new president, who is thus suffering his first major political setback. On May 4th, 2017, the House of Representatives narrowly passed a bill to repeal Obamacare, but the bill was rejected by the Senate on July 28, following a decisive vote by Republican Sen. John McCain, who joined two of the two his fellow Republicans in the vote against repeal. On October 13th, 2017, Donald Trump issued a new decree to circumvent Obamacare. Finally, Donald Trump changed his tactics to repeal the Affordable Care Act, supporting legal initiatives against it, especially in Texas. On the other hand, he made a hobby for the 2020 US presidential election, promising an effective repeal if re-elected, which did not happen.

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