Denaturalizing the Monroe Doctrine: The rise of Latin American legal anti-imperialism in the face of the modern US and hemispheric redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-555
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Scarfi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Monroe Doctrine ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pan Americanism

AbstractThe Monroe Doctrine was originally formulated as a US foreign policy principle, but in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it began to be redefined in relation to both the hemispheric policy of Pan-Americanism and the interventionist policies of the US in Central America and the Caribbean. Although historians and social scientists have devoted a great deal of attention to Latin American anti-imperialist ideologies, there was a distinct legal tradition within the broader Latin American anti-imperialist traditions especially concerned with the nature and application of the Monroe Doctrine, which has been overlooked by international law scholars and the scholarship focusing on Latin America. In recent years, a new revisionist body of research has emerged exploring the complicity between the history of modern international law and imperialism, as well as Third World perspectives on international law, but this scholarship has begun only recently to explore legal anti-imperialist contributions and their legacy. The purpose of this article is to trace the rise of this Latin American anti-imperialist legal tradition, assessing its legal critique of the Monroe Doctrine and its implications for current debates about US exceptionalism and elastic behaviour in international law and organizations, especially since 2001.

The Monroe Doctrine and the Declaration of Lima

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Concerted Action ◽  
Monroe Doctrine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Logical Order

The outstanding accomplishment of the Lima Conference was without doubt the Declaration of the Principles of the Solidarity of America, known more briefly as the Declaration of Lima. Its formulation was not brought about by discussions in the committee to which problems relating to the “Organization of Peace” were entrusted, but was rather the outcome of informal and in part confidential conversations among the heads of the several delegations. Numerous drafts were submitted in the process of reconciling conflicting views. Compromises were made by delegates with more advanced views in order to secure the assent of those taking a more conservative position. The requisite of unanimity not only delayed the final adoption of an acceptable text, but of necessity introduced elements of confusion in the logical order of the Declaration and of inconsistency in the relations of its several parts. Nevertheless the final result was a document of far-reaching importance in the progress of international law within the western hemisphere; and the agreement which it embodies must for the time rank as the most significant statement of principles and pledge of concerted action in the history of Latin American conferences.

scholarly journals A catequese nos primórdios da cidade de São Paulo Piratininga revisitado por ocasião dos 450 anos de sua fundação

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (256) ◽  
pp. 903
Author(s):  
Paulo Suess
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brazilian History ◽  
The City

A história da cidade de São Paulo e do Brasil é uma história de desaparecimentos e esquecimentos, de resistências e lutas pela sobrevivência física e cultural, de transformações e adaptações. Arar a memória dos destinatários e dos agentes da primeira evangelização, por ocasião dos 450 anos da “conversão do Brasil”, é uma tarefa instigante, sobretudo no contexto histórico de hoje, onde a pergunta sobre a possibilidade de um outro mundo é ao mesmo tempo uma pergunta sobre a relevância da evangelização. A comemoração da fundação da “Casa de Piratininga”, um pobre colégio que se tornou megalópole, tem a tarefa de religar o conhecimento histórico ao reconhecimento contemporâneo do outro. O Autor, missiólogo e historiador, por muitos anos ligado à causa indígena no país e no continente latino-americano, conduz o leitor pela cristandade do Brasil e pela diversidade étnica da Província de São Vicente. Dois eixos da evangelização ganham destaque: a questão da comunicação num contexto lingüístico plural e a questão da violência e da força diante da proposta evangélica de gratuidade e paz.Abstract: The history of the city of São Paulo and Brazilian history, in general, are full of disappearances and omissions, of resistance and struggles for physical and cultural survival, of transformations and adaptations. On the occasion of the 450th anniversary of the “conversion of Brazil”, to trace the memories of both addressees and agents of the first evangelization is a stimulating task, particularly in today’s historical context, where the question about the possibility of another world is, at the same time, a question about the relevance of evangelization. The celebration of the foundation of the “Casa de Piratininga”, an ordinary school that became a megalopolis, seeks to reconnect historical knowledge to the contemporary recognition of the Other. The Author – a missiologist and historian that, for many years, has been connected with the Indian cause in this country and in the Latin-American continent – guides the reader through the Christendom in Brazil and through the ethnical diversity in the Province of São Vicente. He focuses, in particular, on two axles of the evangelization: the issue of communication in a plural linguistic context and the issue of violence and coercion in the face of the evangelical proposal of graciousness and peace.

The China Quarterly and the History of the PRC

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 1092-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick MacFarquhar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Communist China ◽  
History Of

When I was appointed editor of the CQ in 1959, my vision was that it should focus primarily on all aspects of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) history, but that there should also be occasional articles on contemporary Taiwan and the overseas Chinese. That autumn, I did a quick tour of a few American campuses to try to drum up contributors; basically I needed social scientists. But even those universities with significant China programmes were peopled mainly by historians who were not doing research on the PRC. Benjamin Schwartz at Harvard, who had already published Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, did write articles from time to time on the current scene; at MIT, Lucian Pye was ensuring that political scientists should incorporate East Asia into analyses of comparative politics; at Berkeley, Franz Schurmann (a Yuan historian in an earlier incarnation) was engaged in what became Ideology and Organization in Communist China, S.H. Chen was interested in contemporary mainland literature, and Choh-ming Li (like Alexander Eckstein at Michigan) was studying the economy; at Columbia, C. Martin Wilbur was working on the documents captured when the Soviet embassy in Beijing was raided in the 1920s, but Doak Barnett would not get there till the end of 1960; the only real nest of social scientists examining Chinese behaviour on a daily basis that I found on that trip was located at RAND: Allen Whiting, A.M. Halpern and Alice Langley Hsieh, all working on Chinese foreign relations. The shock of the launch of the first sputnik in 1957 had already led the US government to allocate massive funds to academia for the training of specialists on Russia and China, but the first beneficiaries of the largesse did not start coming out of the pipeline until the late 1960s. With so few potential contributors available, I stopped reviewing China books in case I offended any of them! But the scarcity of talent was also an advantage, for Western and Asian China watchers – diplomats in Beijing, journalists in Hong Kong, businessmen travelling in and out – all subscribed, making the CQ the house magazine of a growing community.

scholarly journals La práctica religiosa y los procesos migratorios: el caso del mormonismo en España.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío De Diego Cordero ◽  
Juan Carlos Suárez Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Latter Day Saints ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Determining Factor

Introducción: La relación entre los flujos migratorios y las religiones es algo muy observado; haciendo un recorrido por la historia de la Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días en España (SUD) se evidenciará esta relación en el grupo español.Método: Revisión de la literatura de los científicos sociales de la religión que han tratado la relación entre los flujos migratorios y los movimientos religiosos en los últimos años (2005-2016). También se han analizado los datos aportados por el movimiento de los Santos de los Últimos Días en España así como datos del Observatorio de Pluralismo religioso en España.Resultados: Se evidencia cómo la inmigración ha sido un factor determinante para la Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de lo Últimos Días, tanto en sus inicios a nivel mundial así también como determinante en el caso de la permanencia y crecimiento en la sociedad española.Conclusión: El fenómeno migratorio actúa como “salvador” del movimiento de los Santos en España ya que sólo una quinta parte de los bautizados en España son españoles y del idioma es un factor determinante en la procedencia de los miembros extranjeros, ocupando su mayoría la procedencia latinoamericana. Introduction: The relationship between migration and religions is very observed; making a tour of the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) in Spain this relationship will be evident in the Spanish group.Method: Review of the literature of social scientists of religion that have addressed the relationship between migration and religious movements in the last years (2005-2016). We have analyzed the data provided by the Latter Day Saint movement in Spain and data from the Observatorio de Pluralismo religioso in Spain. Results: There is evidence of how immigration has been a determining factor for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints him, both in their early world as well as determining level in the case of permanence and growth factor in Spanish society.Conclusion: The migration acts as a "savior" of the movement of the saints in Spain since only one fifth of the baptized in Spain are Spanish and the language is a determining factor in the origin of foreign members, occupying most of Latin American origin.

scholarly journals Anti-science Misinformation and Conspiracies: COVID–19, Post-truth, and Science & Technology Studies (STS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 097172182110034
Author(s):  
Amit Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
False Information ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Us ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
History Of

COVID–19 has not only resulted in nearly two and a half million deaths globally but it has also spawned a pandemic of misinformation and conspiracies. In this article I examine COVID–19 misinformation and conspiracies in the United States (US). These misinformation and conspiracies have been commonly argued to be anti-science. I argue, although it is important to rebut false information and stop their spread, social scientists need to analyse how such anti-science claims are discursively framed and interpreted. Specifically, I show how the framing of the anti-science conspiracies utilise the credibility of science and scientists. I also explore how the COVID–19 misinformation and conspiracies were given different meaning among different social groups. The article is divided into three sections. In the first section I analyse the discursive emplotment of the Plandemic video that had Dr Judy Mikovits presenting several COVID–19 conspiracy theories and went viral before it was taken down from major social media platforms. I show how the video draws on the credibility of science, scientists, and scientific journals to present misinformation and conspiracies claims against vaccination, mask wearing, etc. The second section explores how COVID–19 misinformation and conspiracies were interpreted among the African-American community by drawing on the history of black community’s experiences in the US and as such how their interpretations stand in contrast to the interpretations of the COVID–19 misinformation and conspiracies among the White community. The last section analyses the role of STS in engaging with anti-science and post-truth issues and emphasises the need to excavate genealogies of the present even with regard to misinformation and conspiracies.

Entangled Trading

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane-Laure Arjaliès ◽  
Philip Grant ◽  
Iain Hardie ◽  
Donald MacKenzie ◽  
Ekaterina Svetlova
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soft Dollars ◽  
Dark Pools ◽  
Chain Entanglements

Chapter 5 follows the investment chain from the ‘buy side’ of investment management into the ‘sell side’ of brokers and traders. It discusses the development of ‘dark pools’—private share-trading venues in which subscribers can bid to buy shares or offer to sell them without those bids or offers being visible to the market at large. Originally, access to dark pools was restricted to investment management firms, and the pools were intended to permit those firms to buy or sell large blocks of shares among themselves at low cost and without the ‘market impact’ of trading in the public markets. The history of dark pools, however, shows how hard it has been to cling to that vision in the face of investment chain entanglements. The entanglement on which the chapter focuses most relates to the ways of payments (colloquially known in the US as ‘soft dollars’) for sell-side research.

Oliveira Lima and the Oliveira Lima Library at the Catholic University of America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalia Henrich
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Latin American History ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic University Of America

Manoel de Oliveira Lima (b. Recife, December 25, 1867–d. Washington DC, March 24, 1928) was one of the most prestigious men of letters of his generation. As a historian, diplomat, literary critic, journalist, writer, and professor, he maintained an intense intellectual activity. His strong and often controversial views galvanized public opinion and gathered as many admirers as detractors. The “Fat Don Quixote” and the “Intellectual Ambassador of Brazil” were at the same time deemed a “Diplomatic Torpedo” with an “incontinent pen.” Lima became a renowned scholar and public speaker thanks to his expertise on Latin American history, especially on the history of Brazil. He was the author of numerous books and articles published in Europe and the Americas, and a lecturer at Harvard, Stanford, and the Sorbonne. He was a founding member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. His career as a diplomat began in 1891, the same year he married Flora de Oliveira Lima (neé Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, b. Cachoeirinha, October 26, 1863, d. August 12, 1940, Washington, DC), his lifelong companion and collaborator. Together they lived in Portugal, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Venezuela, and Belgium until his retirement. A devoted bibliophile, Oliveira Lima donated his rich collection of rare books, artwork, manuscripts, prints, photographs, and documents from his personal archive to the Catholic University of America in 1916. In 1920, he established residence in Washington, DC to oversee the organization of the university’s library, which was inaugurated in 1924. He taught international law and acted as librarian at CUA until his death in 1928. The Oliveira Lima Library (OLL) is currently considered one of the finest collections of Luso-Brazilian materials and one of the most important Brasilianas in the world.

Carl Schmitt’s Concepts of War

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Teschke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
International Law ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

Carl Schmitt’s conceptual history of war is routinely invoked to comprehend the contemporary mutations in the concept and practice of war. This literature has passively relied on Schmitt’s interpretation of the nomos of the Ius Publicum Europaeum, which traced the transition from early modern ‘non-discriminatory war’ to the US–American promotion of discriminatory warfare as a new category in liberal international law . This chapter provides a critical reconstruction of Schmitt’s antiliberal narrative of war and argues that his polemical mode of concept formation led to a defective and, ultimately, ideological counterhistory of absolutist warfare, designed to denigrate liberalism’s wars as total while remaining silent on Nazi Germany’s de facto total wars. The historical critique is supplemented by an interrogation of his theoretical presuppositions: decisionism, the concept of the political, and concrete order thinking. It shows that Schmitt’s history of warfare is not only empirically defective but also theoretically unsecured by a succession of arbitrarily deployed and hyperabstract theoretical registers. At the center of Schmitt’s work yawns a huge lacuna: the absence of social relations as a category of analysis.

Alejandro Álvarez's Latin American Law: A Question of Identity

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE L. ESQUIROL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
American Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Seminal Article

This essay focuses on Alejandro Álvarez's seminal article, ‘Latin America and International Law’, published in 1909 in the American Journal of International Law. Offering and in-depth analysis of the text, it foregrounds the strategic meaning of Álvarez's work in the light of the international politics of his day. It posits that, more than simply a diplomatic history of Latin American particularity, Álvarez presents the case for a different hemispheric international order, based on an ‘American international law’ extending to the United States. He draws primarily an Latin American Precedents – based on historical and stituational commonalities – to argue for a common public law. He then grafts an idiosyncratic interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine as the United States' main contribution to this common law, as well as the fact of US sponsorship of various Americas-wide conferences resulting in the ratification of regional treaties. Notably, and this is one of the main points of this is one of the main points of this essay, Álvarez elevates certain Latin American states as leaders in regional international law and capable agents of its enforcement across the hemisphere. In short, this essay advances the claim that Álvarez's project of pan-American law in effect entreats the United States to share its hegemony and wield its power in the region jointly with Latin America's ‘better-constituted’ states.

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