scholarly journals Measuring Gender Role Attitudes in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110577
Author(s):  
Charles Crabtree ◽  
Kiho Muroga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Politics And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cross National

What explains gender discrimination in Japan? While Japan ranks near the worst among advanced democracies in nearly all cross-national gender equality rankings, we know little about the attitudes that drive disparate outcomes between men and women. To address this need, the authors develop, introduce, and validate the first measure of gender role attitudes in Japan, the Gender Role Scale. Using data from a large, national, quota-based sample of 2,389 Japanese conducted in March 2020, the authors visualize the subcomponents of Gender Role Scale, showing cross-gender differences in attitudes. The findings extend the large literature on politics and gender and provide a measure for reuse in Japan and for extension to other countries that lag behind in women’s empowerment.

The Effects of Attitudes Toward Family Life and Gender Roles on Marital Satisfaction

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANE N. LYE ◽  
TIMOTHY J. BIBLARZ
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Family Attitudes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between the gender role and family attitudes of husbands and wives and five indicators of marital satisfaction. The authors argue that men and women who espouse nontraditional attitudes are likely to be less satisfied than their more traditional counterparts. An empirical analysis is presented using data from husbands and wives interviewed in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Husbands and wives who hold nontraditional attitudes toward family life are less satisfied with their marriages, as are men and women whose attitudes diverge from their spouse's attitudes. The effects of attitudes did not vary according to the actual gender roles observed by the couple.

scholarly journals From Major Preferences to Major Choices: Gender and Logics of Major Choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Quadlin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Major Choice ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Research shows that college students choose majors for a variety of reasons. Some students are motivated by potential economic returns, others want to take engaging classes, and others still would like opportunities to help people in their jobs. But how do these preferences map onto students’ actual major choices? This question is particularly intriguing in light of gender differences in fields of study, as men and women may take divergent pathways in pursuit of the same outcome. Using data from the Pathways through College Study (N = 2,639), I show that men and women choose very different majors even when they cite the same major preferences—what I call gendered logics of major choice. In addition, I use earnings data from the American Community Survey to assess how these gendered logics of major choice may be associated with broader patterns of earnings inequality. I find that among men and women who have the same major preferences, men’s major choices are tied to significantly higher prospective earnings than women’s major choices. This finding demonstrates that the ways men and women translate their preferences into majors are unequal from an earnings perspective. Implications for research on higher education and gender are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of education on gender perception and gender role attitudes: An experimental studyToplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine eğitimin etkisi: Deneysel bir çalışma

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafer Uzun ◽  
Sezgin Erdem ◽  
Kadir Güç ◽  
Ayşenur Merve Şafak Uzun ◽  
Elif Erdem
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Gender Perception ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Sex has been the most important criteria when categorizing and differentiating individuals. While the concept of sex is used to describe the biological side of being a man or woman, the concept of gender refers to the expectations and meanings formed by the society and culture. In this respect, passive roles are thought suitable for women in the social life while men have more active roles. Socialization agents, such as family, media, peer groups and education are playing an active role in transferring the codes related to gender roles. The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness of gender education on the attitudes towards gender perception and gender roles. In accordance with this purpose, an experimental study was designed as a part of the protocol called “Providing Gender Equality, Strengthening Institutional Capacity while Fighting with Violence Against Women, Enhancing Cooperation and Coordination” which was conducted between the Ministry of Turkish National Defense and the Ministry of Family and Social Policies. And an education (Gender Equality and Fighting with Violence Against Women) was given to the research group consisting of 23 participants. In order to collect data, we used Gender Perception Scale and Gender Role Attitude Scale. As a result of the study, firstly the education given to the participants raised their score of gender perceptions and attitudes towards gender roles significantly. It also increased the mean score of men much more than that of women. And after the training, the initial difference between the mean scores of men and women almost disappeared. It was seen that the training increased the final test mean scores of married individuals significantly. After the training, the mean scores of both women and men increased. ÖzetBireyleri, kategorilere ayırmak ve farklılaştırmak için kullanılan ölçütlerden en önemlisi cinsiyet olmuştur. Cinsiyet (sex) kavramı, kadın ya da erkek olmanın biyolojik yönünü ifade etmekte iken, toplumsal cinsiyet (gender) terimi, toplumun ve kültürün yüklediği anlamlara ve beklentilere atıfta bulunmaktadır. Toplumsal hayatta kadınlara pasif, edilgen roller uygun görülürken; erkeklere aktif, etken roller atfedilmektedir. Aile, medya, arkadaş grubu ve eğitim gibi toplumsallaşma ajanları ise toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin kodların aktarılmasında etkin bir rol almaktadır. Bu araştırma ile her geçen gün artan toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve ayrımcılığını önleme yönünde politikalara öncü olmak için verilen eğitimlerin, toplumsal cinsiyet algısına ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlar üzerindeki etkinliğinin sınanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Millî Savunma Bakanlığı ile Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı arasında yapılan “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinin Sağlanması ve Kadına Yönelik Şiddetle Mücadelede Kurumsal Kapasitenin Güçlendirilmesi, İşbirliği ve Eşgüdümün Artırılmasına Dair Protokol” kapsamında verilen “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği ve Kadına Yönelik Şiddetle Mücadele Eğitici Eğitimi ”ne katılan 23 katılımcı araştırma grubuna dâhil edilerek deneysel bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı (TCA) ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum (TCRT) ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda ilk olarak çalışma grubuna verilen eğitimin katılımcıların toplumsal cinsiyet algılarında ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumların ortalamalarında anlamlı derecede yükseltmiştir. İkinci olarak, çalışma grubuna verilen eğitim, erkeklerin ortalamalarını çok daha fazla arttırmış ve eğitim sonucunda kadın ve erkeklerin ortalamaları birbirine son derece yaklaşmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra verilen eğitim evli bireylerin son test ortalamalarını çok daha fazla arttırdığı görülmüştür. Son olarak verilen eğitim sonrasında hem kadınların hem de erkeklerin ortalamaları yükselmiştir.

scholarly journals The Education for Gender Equality and Human Rights in Indonesia: Contemporary Issues and Controversial Problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Ayu Maulidina Larasati ◽  
Novia Puspa Ayu
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Many ◽  
Biological Differences

This paper is motivated by the many legal issues concerning human rights issues that occur in the Indonesian education sector, especially regarding gender discrimination. Gender is the differentiation of roles, functions and responsibilities between women and men resulting from socio-cultural construction and can change according to the times. This paper discusses the main issues of gender in the perspective of human rights and gender equality education in Indonesia. Gender is a gender difference that is not caused by biological differences and not God's nature, but was created by both men and women through a long socio-cultural process. Differentiating the roles, functions and responsibilities of men and women in this social context is basically not a problem, but when examined more deeply it can be a cause of the emergence of gender discrimination, which is one of the sexes whose basic rights are neglected, left behind and experiencing problems of injustice.

scholarly journals Country differences in the link between gender-role attitudes and marital centrality: Evidence from 24 countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522098592
Author(s):  
Kamila Kolpashnikova ◽  
Muzhi Zhou ◽  
Man-Yee Kan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Second Demographic Transition ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Revolution

This study investigates factors that could explain why the association between the egalitarian gender-role attitudes and the attitudes toward the importance of marriage (marital centrality) differs across societies. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme for 24 countries in 2002 and 2012 and multilevel modeling, we explore whether the Gender Revolution and the Second Demographic Transition frameworks could explain the country-level differences in the association between gender-role attitudes and marital centrality. We find that the negative association between the egalitarian gender-role attitudes and marital centrality is stronger in countries with a higher gender equality level and a higher fertility level. This work highlights the importance of considering the progress of the gender revolution and the second demographic transition to understand the relationship between gender equality and family formation.

scholarly journals Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Zhanna Khamzina ◽  
Yermek Buribayev ◽  
Yerkin Yermukanov ◽  
Aizhan Alshurazova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Career Growth ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Systemic Discrimination

International ratings confirm that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in addressing the causes of gender inequality; however, there are still significant gender differences in key areas. In particular, gender discrimination in the labor market is complex: when hiring or dismissing, while restricting access to certain professions and positions, in matters of promotion and career growth, when remuneration is paid for performing the same work, not related to differences in labor efficiency. Discrimination is especially sensitive in relation to pregnant women and women with young children. Discrimination continues with access to social measures for avoiding poverty and in the pension system. Further progress requires more strategically significant and focused actions to identify and bridge the remaining factors of systemic discrimination and gender gaps. In the article, we show the insufficient attention of the legal science of Kazakhstan to the problems of regulation of equality. We present the author’s methodology for analyzing labor and social legislation from the perspective of regulating gender equality, consisting of several assessments: Kazakhstan’s fulfillment of international obligations; implementation of the principle of nondiscrimination in labor and social legislation; administrative and judicial mechanisms to protect against discrimination based on sex; and opportunities for implementing best foreign and international practices for the regulation of equality.

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