scholarly journals ENT Outreach in Africa: Rules of Engagement

OTO Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 2473974X1877722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wakisa Mulwafu ◽  
Johannes J. Fagan ◽  
Kaitesi Batamuliza Mukara ◽  
Titus S. Ibekwe
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Training Of Surgeons ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Training ◽  
Clinical Officers ◽  
Nose And Throat

To address inequality of access to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) care, there must be significant and sustained investment in education and training of surgeons, audiologists, speech therapists, clinical officers, anesthetists, and specialized nurses engaged in ENT in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing nations. Outreach by ENT surgeons from developed countries is essential if we are to address the critical lack of access to ENT care in SSA. However, it should be based on mutual respect, shared values, aspirations, a desire to create a durable and sustainable impact, and internationally accepted best practice. In this article, we propose rules of engagement for outreach projects in SSA and other developing countries to optimize their contributions by making them useful, sustainable, productive, and developmental. These proposed rules of engagement are based on our personal experiences and observations—good and bad—of outreach activities in our countries.

Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan

Expectations are high regarding the potential benefits of public–private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development in poor countries. The development community, led by the G20, the United Nations, and others, expects PPPs to help with “transformational” megaprojects as well as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But PPPs have been widely used only since the 1990s. The discussion of PPPs is still dominated by best-practice guidance, academic studies that focus on developed countries, or ideological criticism. Meanwhile, practitioners have quietly accumulated a large body of empirical evidence on PPP performance. The purpose of this book is to summarize and consolidate what this critical mass of evidence-based research says about PPPs in low-income countries (LICs) and thereby develop a more realistic perspective on the practical value of these mechanisms. The focus of the book is on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), home to most of the world’s poorest countries, although insights from other regions and more affluent developing countries are also included. Case studies of many of the best-known PPPs in Africa are used to illustrate these findings. This book demonstrates that PPPs have not met expectations in poor countries, and are only sustainable if many of the original defining characteristics of PPPs are changed. PPPs do have a small but meaningful role to play, but only if expectations remain modest and projects are subject to transparent evaluation and competition. Experiments with PPP mechanisms underway in some countries suggest ways in which PPPs may be evolving to better realize benefits in poor countries.

Providing Safe Surgery for Neonates in Sub-Saharan Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel A Ameh ◽  
Nkeiruka Ameh
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Neonatal Surgery ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Neonatal Transport ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Delayed Referral ◽  
And Training

Advances in neonatal intensive care, total parenteral nutrition and improvements in technology have led to a greatly improved outcome of neonatal surgery in developed countries. In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, however, neonatal surgery continues to pose wide-ranging challenges. Delivery outside hospital, delayed referral, poor transportation, and lack of appropriate personnel and facilities continue to contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in neonates, particularly under emergency situations. Antenatal supervision and hospital delivery needs to be encouraged in our communities. Adequate attention needs to be paid to providing appropriate facilities for neonatal transport and support and training of appropriate staff for neonatal surgery. Neonates with surgical problems should be adequately resuscitated before referral where necessary but surgery should not be unduly delayed. Major neonatal surgery should as much as possible be performed by those trained to operate on neonates. Appropriate research and international collaboration is necessary to improve neonatal surgical care in the environment.

Teaching Teachers

2012 ◽  
pp. 198-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Moon
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Partial Solution ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Trained Teachers ◽  
And Training

Existing institutionally based systems for educating and training teachers in Sub-Saharan Africa have not kept up with present demand, nor can they hope to meet future needs. The reasons are simple: insufficient numbers of trained teachers and inadequate educational resources. Meeting these needs is not an option; education is the cornerstone for social and economic sustainability. Failure to educate more of a nation’s population does not maintain the status quo. In today’s world of technology, “uneducated” is synonymous with lower economic and social opportunities. The educational needs cannot be met in Sub-Saharan Africa by building more physical classrooms and dormitories, a reality that is facing emerging and developed countries alike. This chapter discusses the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) and how they can be a partial solution to the needs of developing countries.

scholarly journals Protocol for a scoping review to identify and map in-service education and training materials for midwifery care in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2020

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e047118
Author(s):  
Joanne Welsh ◽  
Mechthild M Gross ◽  
Claudia Hanson ◽  
Hashim Hounkpatin ◽  
Ann-Beth Moller
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Midwifery Care ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Training

IntroductionMaternal and neonatal mortality are disproportionally high in low-and middle-income countries. In 2017 the global maternal mortality ratio was estimated to be 211 per 100 000 live births. An estimated 66% of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Training programmes that aim to prepare providers of midwifery care vary considerably across sub-Saharan Africa in terms of length, content and quality. To overcome the shortfalls of pre-service training and support the provision of quality care, in-service training packages for providers of midwifery care have been developed and implemented in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We aim to identify what in-service education and training materials have been used for providers of midwifery care between 2000 and 2020 and map their content to the International Confederation of Midwives’ Essential Competencies for Midwifery Practice (ICM Competencies), and the Lancet Midwifery Series Quality Maternal and Newborn Care (QMNC) framework.Methods and analysisA search will be conducted for the years 2000–2020 in Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed/MEDLINE, Social Sciences Citation Index, African Index Medicus and Google Scholar. A manual search of reference lists from identified studies and a hand search of literature from international partner organisations will be performed. Information retrieved will include study context, providers trained, focus of training and design of training. Original content of identified education and training materials will be obtained and mapped to the ICM Competencies and the Lancet Series QMNC.Ethics and disseminationA scoping review is a secondary analysis of published literature and does not require ethical approval. This scoping review will give an overview of the education and training materials used for in-service training for providers of midwifery care in sub-Saharan Africa. Mapping the content of these education and training materials to the ICM Competencies and The Lancet Series QMNC will allow us to assess their appropriateness. Findings from the review will be reflected to stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of such materials. Additionally, findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and used to inform the design and content of an in-service training package for providers of midwifery care as part of the Action Leveraging Evidence to Reduce perinatal morTality and morbidity (ALERT) study, (https://alert.ki.se/) a multi-country study in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.Trial registration numberPACTR202006793783148; Post-results.

scholarly journals Hydrological education and training needs in Sub-Saharan Africa: requirements, constraints and progress

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 10565-10587
Author(s):  
D. A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hydrology And Water Resources ◽  
And Training

Abstract. This paper represents a perspective on the education and training needs related to hydrology and water resources science within the sub-Saharan Africa region and discusses the requirements of the region, some of the relatively recent developments and initiatives and some of the constraints that exist and remain difficult to surmount. The requirements include the development of academic research capacity and technical skill for both the private and public sector at a variety of levels. Some of the constraints that exist include a lack of adequate funding, lack of follow-up after short training courses, lack of institutional support to continue training, and competition for major water resources development projects from organizations outside the region. One of the main conclusions is that to sustain both educational and practical expertise in hydrology and water resources science within the region there is a need to build a "critical mass" of local expertise. Part of this could be achieved by increasing networking within the region and promoting the sharing of information, tools and expertise. There is also a need to promote institutional support.

scholarly journals Clinical Profile and Management of Peritonsillar Abscess in a Sub Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Atilade Adegbiji ◽  
Gabriel Toye Olajide ◽  
Aluko AbdulAkeem Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Peritonsillar Abscess ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Prehospital Treatment ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Staphyloccocus Aureus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Nose And Throat

Background: Peritonsillar abscess is a common pathology that presents to an otolaryngologist with poor documentation especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile and management of peritonsillar abscess in our practice. Material and Method: This was a retrospective study of patients presenting to our Ear, Nose and Throat facility with diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess. Information obtained includes detailed demographic characteristics, clinical findings and management of the patients. All obtained data were collated, entered into computer system and analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: Prevalence of peritonsillar abscess was 0.2%. There were 38.9% males and male to female ratio was 1:1.6. Duration of illness at presentation with more than 1 week was 75.9% and single episode occurred in 85.2%. Right peritonsillar abscess accounted for 66.7% and aspirated pus of more than 5 ml was recorded in 48.1%. Majority (87.0%) of the patients was referred and 42.6% of such referral is by family physician. Patients seen in ear, nose and throat outpatient clinic were 83.3%. Common symptoms at presentation were fever, sore throat, odynophagia and otalgia in 100%, 94.4%, 90.7% and 59.3% respectively. All the patients (100%) had enlarged tonsils and with deviated uvula on clinical examination followed by 98.1% exudate on the tonsils and 31.5% trismus. Test aspirate confirmed peritonsillar abscess in 68.5% and all revealed growth of bacteria. Common isolated bacteria were 35.2% Streptococcus species and 11.1% Staphyloccocus aureus. Isolated Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus had 100% sensitivity to cefuroxime, gentamicin, azithromycin, ceftazidine, Amoxicillin and Streptomycin. Prior prehospital treatment was received by 81.5% patients. Hospital treatments were surgical intervention and medical treatment in 90.7% and 100% respectively. Recurrences occurred in 3.7% during followed up. Conclusion: Peritonsillar abscess are common disorder with female preponderance in this study. The prevalence recorded in this study was 0.2%. It usually mimic other causes of fever hence eye index of suspicion is essential. Surgical treatment remains the effective mode of management in our study.

scholarly journals Malavika Karlekar (ed.). Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 2004. 356 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 375.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Samina Nazli
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Literacy Campaign ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sub Saharan

Raising the standards of literacy in the developing world has been a major goal of the less developed countries since most of them became independent in the process of decolonisation that followed World War II. The Human Development Report 2004, brought out by the United Nations Development Programme lists some major improvements in increasing literacy levels of a number of countries between the year 1990 and 2002. For example, low human development countries like Togo increased their adult literacy rates from 44.2 percent in 1990 to 59.6 percent in 2002. Congo saw an increase in its literacy rate for the same period from 67.1 percent to 82.8 percent. The rates for Uganda, Kenya, Yemen, and Nigeria are 56.1 percent and 68.9 percent, 70.8 percent and 84.3 percent, 32.7 percent and 49.0 percent, and 48.7 percent and 68.8 percent respectively. If one examines the breakdown by region, the least developed countries as a group saw an increase in their adult literacy rates from 43.0 percent to 52.5 percent, the Arab states from 50.8 percent to 63.3 percent, South Asia from 47.0 percent to 57.6 percent, Sub-Saharan Africa from 50.8 percent to 63.2 percent and East Asia and the Pacific from 79.8 percent to 90.3 percent. If we look at the increase in the levels of literacy from the perspective of medium human development and low human development, the figures are 71.8 percent and 80.4 percent, and 42.5 percent and 54.3 percent, respectively.

A Comparative Analysis of South Africa as a Semi-Industrialised Developing Country

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Knight
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Industrialised Countries

South Africa has neither a developed nor a typical underdeveloped economy. Too often it has been wrongly classified, along with, say, Australia and New Zealand, as one of the peripheral developed countries, because only a part of the economy and population have the characteristics we associate with that group. Yet its economy is distinctly different from others in sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa falls squarely into the category which the World Bank classifies as ‘upper middle-income’ developing economies, with G.N.P. per capita in 1982 ranging from $2,000 to $7,000 and averaging $2,500, thereby including South Africa, with $2,700.1 (By contrast, Kenya's G.N.P. per capita was $400 and Britain's $10,000). The World Bank's group includes Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, South Korea, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. South Africa shares many structural economic characteristics with these semi-industrialised countries.

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