scholarly journals An evaluation of the question types used by criminal justice professionals with complainants in child sexual assault trials

2022 ◽  
pp. 263380762110681
Author(s):  
Martine B. Powell ◽  
Jane Goodman-Delahunty ◽  
Sarah L. Deck ◽  
Madeleine Bearman ◽  
Nina Westera
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Trial Advocacy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Criminal Justice Professionals

The way that complainants of child sexual assault are questioned about their experiences can profoundly influence the accuracy, credibility, and consistency of their evidence. This is the case for all people, but especially children whose language, social, and cognitive capacity is still developing. In this study, we examined the questions used by a representative sample of Australian prosecutors, defense lawyers, and judges/magistrates to determine if this is an area that warrants improvement. Our focus was the type of questions used by the different professionals and how (if at all) these varied across complainant age groups (children, adolescents, and adults, total N = 63). Our findings revealed that each complainant group was questioned in a manner known to heighten misunderstanding and error (e.g., complex and leading questions were used frequently by all professional groups). There was also little indication of question adaption according to age (e.g., prosecutors asked children more complex questions than they asked adults). When the results are considered in the context of the broader literature on the impact of different question styles, they suggest that professional development in questioning would improve the quality of trial advocacy and judicial rulings.

The Impact of Type of Out-of-Court Disclosure in a Child Sexual Assault Trial

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Yozwiak ◽  
Jonathan M. Golding ◽  
D. F. Marsil
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Evaluating the Prevalence of Low Factor Scores on the ImPACT™ Quick Test in Adolescents and Adults using Multivariate Base Rates

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-747
Author(s):  
J Wallace ◽  
T Covassin ◽  
P Schatz ◽  
G Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Quick Test ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose The ImPACT™ Quick Test (QT) is a brief iPad-based battery of neurocognitive tests that has been standardized on a sample of children, adolescents, and adults (ages 12-70). We sought to provide information regarding the prevalence of low ImPACT™ QT scores in the normative sample to improve clinical interpretation and reduce the risk of over-interpreting, or misinterpreting, a single low score. Methods Participants included 616 individuals ranging in age from 12 to 70, who were assessed individually. The ImPACT QT includes five subtests, contributing to three factor scores: Motor Speed, Memory, and Attention Tracker. The prevalence of low factor scores, stratified by age and gender, were calculated using multivariate base rates. Results In the total sample, obtaining 1 score below the 25th percentile was common (base rate, BR=31.8%), but obtaining 2 or more scores in this range was uncommon (BR=13.3%). Similarly, obtaining 1 score below the 16th percentile was common (BR=22.3%), but obtaining two or more scores in this range was very uncommon (BR=5.4%). There were small differences in base rate between genders and the number of low scores were fairly similar across the age groups. Conclusion Results from this study parallel previous work illustrating that a substantial percentage of healthy individuals will obtain one or more low test score when administered a battery of multiple cognitive test measures. Given that some healthy, non-concussed individuals will obtain a single score below expected cut-offs, clinicians should caution against overinterpreting a single low test score.

The Impact of Mock Jury Gender Composition on Deliberations and Conviction Rates in a Child Sexual Assault Trial

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Golding ◽  
Gregory S. Bradshaw ◽  
Emily E. Dunlap ◽  
Emily C. Hodell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
Mock Jury ◽  
The Impact

Improving the Credibility of Child Sexual Assault Victims in Court: The Impact of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Golding ◽  
Nesa E. Wasarhaley ◽  
Kellie R. Lynch ◽  
Anne Lippert ◽  
Casey L. Magyarics
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Fasting and Postprandial Triglycerides Across Older Adulthood: A Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 66-66
Author(s):  
Kara Poindexter ◽  
Christina Sciarrillo ◽  
Janice Hermann ◽  
Sam Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Postprandial Triglycerides ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Elevated postprandial triglycerides (TG) are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although some evidence suggests that older adults exhibit greater postprandial TG than younger adults, it is unknown how postprandial lipid tolerance changes across the spectrum of older adulthood. This cross-sectional study examines postprandial TG responses across the spectrum of aging, as well as factors that may modify this response. Methods We are recruiting individuals into four age categories (age 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89 years), with an equal number of participants and sex distribution in each group. Participants undergo body composition testing via bioelectrical impedance analysis and complete a 130-item food frequency questionnaire. Participants return to the lab after a 10-hour fast and blood is drawn both before and 4 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (9 kcal/kg body mass; 73% fat, 26% CHO) to determine fasting and postprandial TG. Results Thirty participants (50’s: n = 12; 60’s: n = 11; 70’s: n = 4; 80’s: n = 3) have completed the study (total N = 60). There was no difference (P = 0.52) in BMI across age groups (50’s: 29.5 ± 5.4 kg/m2; 60’s: 29.1 ± 5.5 kg/m2; 70’s: 25.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2; 80’s: 26.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2). There was also no difference (P = 0.68) in body fat (BF%) across age groups (50’s: 37.5 ± 7.2%; 60’s: 39.53 ± 7.0%; 70’s: 43.6 ± 8.2%; 80’s: 39.5 ± 18.1%). Similarly, there was no difference (P = 0.76) in fasting TG across age groups (50’s: 98.8 ± 40.6 mg/dL; 60’s: 117.9 ± 83.3 mg/dL; 70’s: 105.3 ± 39.7 mg/dL; 80’s: 79.7 ± 31.7 mg/dL), nor was there a difference (P = 0.74) in 4-hr TG (50’s: 162.3 ± 70.8 mg/dL; 60’s: 187.5 ± 105.5 mg/dL; 70’s: 181.8 ± 89.6 mg/dL; 80’s: 130.7 ± 55.1 mg/dL). Lastly, there was no difference (P = 0.16) in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake (50’s: 4.4 ± 1.9 servings/day (s/d); 60’s: 8.2 ± 5.5 s/d; 70’s: 6.2 ± 4.6 s/d; 80’s: 7.9 ± 2.4 s/d). Conclusions At this point in the study, it cannot be concluded that there is a significant difference in fasting or postprandial TG across aging strata, possibly due to no differences in BMI, BF%, or FV intake. When complete, this study will provide valuable insight with regard to the impact of aging and other lifestyle factors on postprandial lipemia and subsequent CVD risk. Funding Sources This project is funded by the Donna Cadwalader Research and Development Grant.

scholarly journals Brief iPad-Based Assessment of Cognitive Functioning with ImPACT® Quick Test: Prevalence of Low Scores Using Multivariate Base Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1276-1282
Author(s):  
Jessica Wallace ◽  
Philip Schatz ◽  
Tracey Covassin ◽  
Grant L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Quick Test ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective The ImPACT® Quick Test is a brief iPad-based battery of neurocognitive tests that has been standardized on a sample of children, adolescents, and adults (ages 12–70). This study provides information on the prevalence of ImPACT® Quick Test scores falling below specific percentiles in the normative sample to aid in clinical interpretation and reduce the risk of over-interpreting, or misinterpreting, a single low score. Method Participants were 683 individuals ranging in age from 12 to 70, who were assessed individually. The ImPACT® Quick Test includes five subtests, contributing to three factor scores: motor speed, memory, and attention tracker. The prevalence of low factor scores, stratified by age and sex, were calculated using multivariate base rates. Results In the total sample, obtaining 1 or more scores below the 25th percentile was common (base rate, BR = 47.2%), but obtaining 2 or more scores in this range was uncommon (BR = 15.3%). Similarly, obtaining 1 or more scores below the 16th percentile was common (BR = 31.4%), but obtaining two or more scores in this range was uncommon (BR = 6.9%). There were small differences in BRs between sexes and the number of low scores was fairly similar across the age groups. Conclusion Results from this study parallel previous work illustrating that a substantial percentage of healthy individuals will obtain one or more low test scores when administered a brief battery of cognitive tests. Given that some healthy individuals will obtain a single score below expected cut-offs, clinicians should caution against overinterpreting a single low test score.

The Impact of DNA Evidence in a Child Sexual Assault Trial

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Golding ◽  
Terri L. Stewart ◽  
John A. Yozwiak ◽  
Yas Djadali ◽  
Rebecca Polley Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Combined effects of age and BMI are related to altered cortical thickness in adolescence and adulthood

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Westwater ◽  
Raquel Vilar-López ◽  
Hisham Ziauddeen ◽  
Antonio Verdejo-García ◽  
Paul C. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOverweight and obesity are associated with functional and structural alterations in the brain, but how these associations change across critical developmental periods remains unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between age, body mass index (BMI) and cortical thickness (CT) in healthy adolescents (n=70; 14 – 19 y) and adults (n=75; 25 – 45 y). We also examined the relationship between adiposity, impulsivity, measured by delay discounting (DD), and CT of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a region key to impulse control. A significant age-by-BMI interaction was observed in both adolescents and adults; however, the direction of this relationship differed between age groups. In adolescents, increased age-adjusted BMI Z-score attenuated age-related thinning globally and in the right superior frontal gyrus. In adults, increased BMI augmented age-related CT reductions, both globally and in bilateral parietal cortex. Although DD was unrelated to adiposity in both groups, increased DD and BMI were both associated with reduced IFG thickness in adults. Our findings suggest that the known age-related changes in CT in adolescence and adulthood are altered by adiposity. The impact of weight on cortical development and its functional implications would suggest that future studies of adolescent and adult brain development take adiposity into account.

Trends in Dietary Intake of Vitamins A, C, and E in German Children and Adolescents – Results of the DONALD Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexy ◽  
Kersting ◽  
Sichert-Hellert
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Fortified Food ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
The Impact

Intake of vitamins A, C, and E was evaluated and age and time trends were assessed on the basis of 3-day weighed dietary records (n = 5121) of 2- to 18-year old boys (n = 417) and girls (n = 425) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study) 1986–2001. Intake of vitamin A remains stable over time, intake of vitamin C increases linearly, and intake of vitamin E follows a nonlinear trend. Age trends of vitamins A and C (per MJ) were nonlinear with a minimum at the beginning adolescence, while intake of vitamin E (per MJ) increased linearly. Girls had higher nutrient densities but lower intakes expressed as percent of reference values. Fortified food in total had a higher impact on time trends of nutrient intake than other single food groups defined here. Our results point to the impact of the food industry on long-term nutrient intake, but also underline the necessity of nutrition education even in young age groups to improve vitamin intake.

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