Cigarette-related cadmium and environmental pollution exposure are reflected in airway ultrafine particle content

IntroductionParticulate matter (PM) and cigarette-related cadmium exposure increases inflammation and smokers' susceptibility to developing lung diseases. The majority of inhaled metals are attached to the surface of ultrafine particles (UFPs). A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects a high inflammatory status of airways.MethodsEBC was collected from 58 COPD patients and 40 healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Participants underwent spirometry, diffusion capacity, EBC and blood sampling. Environmental pollution data were collected from monitoring stations. UFPs were measured in EBC and serum, and cadmium content was quantified.ResultsSubjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC (<0.18×108·mL−1) had been exposed to higher long-term PM2.5 levels versus subjects with high UFP concentrations in EBC (>0.18×108·mL−1) (21.9 µg·m−3versus 17.4 µg·m−3, p≤0.001). Long-term PM2.5 exposure levels correlated negatively with UFP concentrations in EBC and positively with UFP concentrations in serum (r=−0.54, p≤0.001 and r=0.23, p=0.04, respectively). Healthy smokers had higher cadmium levels in EBC versus healthy nonsmokers and COPD patients (25.2 ppm versus 23.7 ppm and 23.3 ppm, p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively). Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC also had low cadmium levels in EBC versus subjects with high UFP levels (22.8 ppm versus 24.2 ppm, p=0.004)ConclusionsLow UFP concentration in EBC is an indicator of high-level PM exposure. High cadmium levels in EBC among smokers and the association between cadmium and UFP content in EBC among COPD patients indicate cadmium lung toxicity.

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Trajectory of inhaled cadmium ultrafine particles in smokers

BMJ Open Respiratory Research ◽

10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001000 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e001000

Author(s):

Einat Fireman Klein ◽

Ilan Klein ◽

Omer Ephrat ◽

Yoram Dekel ◽

Aharon Kessel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Small Airways ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Cadmium Content ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Metal Contents ◽

Respiratory Epithelial ◽

Fluorescence Spectrometer

IntroductionTobacco smoking is a significant source of cadmium exposure among smokers. Most of inhaled heavy metals, including cadmium, are attached to ultrafine particles (UFPs) surface. A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate reflects a high inflammatory status of airways. Increased respiratory epithelial permeability and translocation to the circulation is the proposed mechanism. UFP recovered from smokers’ airways have high levels of cadmium compared with the airways of non-smokers.MethodsUrine was collected from 22 smokers subjects and 43 non-smokers. Samples were analysed for UFP and cadmium content. UFP were measured in urine samples by means of the NanoSight LM20 system (NanoSight, UK). A Niton XL3 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analyzer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Germany) quantified heavy metal contents in the urine samples.ResultsSmokers had elevated UFP and cadmium content in urine compared with non-smokers (4.6 E8/mL and 20.6 ppm vs 3.4 E8/mL and 18.5 ppm, p=0.05 and p=0.05, respectively). Smokers had elevated levels of lead and rubidium compared with non-smokers (8.9 ppm and 27 ppm vs 7.8 ppm and 2 ppm, p=0.05 and p=0.04, respectively)DiscussionWe suggest that the trajectory of cadmium-related UFP in smokers begins by its inhalation into the airways. The UFPs induce inflammation and oxidative stress in the small airways, are subsequently translocated from the interstitium to the circulation and are finally detected and secreted in urine

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Relationship of the Content of Systemic and Endobronchial Soluble Molecules of CD25, CD38, CD8, and HLA-I-CD8 and Lung Function Parameters in COPD Patients

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2017/8216723 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nailya Kubysheva ◽

Larisa Postnikova ◽

Svetlana Soodaeva ◽

Viкtor Novikov ◽

Tatyana Eliseeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Function ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Stable Phase ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Severe Copd

The definition of new markers of local and systemic inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the priority directions in the study of pathogenesis and diagnostic methods improvement for this disease. We investigated 91 patients with COPD and 21 healthy nonsmokers. The levels of soluble CD25, CD38, CD8, and HLA-I-CD8 molecules in the blood serum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in moderate-to-severe COPD patients during exacerbation and stable phase were studied. An unidirectional change in the content of sCD25, sCD38, and sCD8 molecules with increasing severity of COPD was detected. The correlations between the parameters of lung function and sCD8, sCD25, and sHLA-I-CD8 levels in the blood serum and EBC were discovered in patients with severe COPD. The findings suggest a pathogenetic role of the investigated soluble molecules of the COPD development and allow considering the content of sCD8, sCD25, and sHLA-I-CD8 molecules as additional novel systemic and endobronchial markers of the progression of chronic inflammation of this disease.

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Comparison of exhaled breath condensate pH using two commercially available devices in healthy controls, asthma and COPD patients

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/1465-9921-10-78 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Rembert Koczulla ◽

Silvano Dragonieri ◽

Robert Schot ◽

Robert Bals ◽

Stefanie A Gauw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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Long-term repeatability of exhaled breath condensate pH in asthma

Respiratory Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.rmed.2007.10.014 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 102 (3) ◽

pp. 377-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Rosalba Accordino ◽

Annalisa Visentin ◽

Anna Bordin ◽

Silvia Ferrazzoni ◽

Emanuela Marian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Breath Condensate

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Drift Compensation of the Electronic Nose in the Development of Instruments for Out-of-Laboratory Analysis

Chemistry Proceedings ◽

10.3390/csac2021-10464 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Anastasiia Shuba ◽

Tatiana Kuchmenko ◽

Dariya Menzhulina

Keyword(s):

Electronic Nose ◽

Sensor Array ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Laboratory Analysis ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Statistical Process ◽

Sensor Signals ◽

Internal Standardization ◽

The Stability

A technique was developed to evaluate and compensate for the drift of eight mass-sensitive sensors in an open detection cell in order to estimate the influence of external factors (temperature, changes in the chemical composition of the background) on the out-of-laboratory analysis of biosamples. The daily internal standardization of the system is an effective way to compensate for the sensor signal drift when the sorption properties of sensitive coatings change during their long-term, intensive operation. In this study, distilled water was proposed as a standard for water matrix-based biosamples (blood, exhaled breath condensate, urine, etc.). Further, internal standardization was based on daily calculation of the specific sensor signals by dividing the sensor signals for the biosample according to the corresponding averaged values obtained from three to five standard measurements. The stability of the sensor array operation was estimated using the theory of statistical process control (exponentially weighted moving average control charts) based on the specific signal of the sensor array. The control limits for the statistical quantity of the central tendency for each sensor and the whole array, as well as the variations of the sensor signals, were determined. The average times required for signal and run lengths, for the purpose of statistically substantiated monitoring of the electronic nose’s stability, were calculated. Based on an analysis of the tendency and variations in sensor signals during 3 months of operation, a technique was formulated to control the stability of the sensor array for the out-of-laboratory analysis of the biosamples. This approach was successfully verified by classifying the results of the analysis of the blood and water samples obtained for this period. The proposed technique can be introduced into the software algorithm of the electronic nose, which will improve decision-making during the long-term monitoring of health conditions in humans and animals.

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