Trajectory of inhaled cadmium ultrafine particles in smokers

IntroductionTobacco smoking is a significant source of cadmium exposure among smokers. Most of inhaled heavy metals, including cadmium, are attached to ultrafine particles (UFPs) surface. A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate reflects a high inflammatory status of airways. Increased respiratory epithelial permeability and translocation to the circulation is the proposed mechanism. UFP recovered from smokers’ airways have high levels of cadmium compared with the airways of non-smokers.MethodsUrine was collected from 22 smokers subjects and 43 non-smokers. Samples were analysed for UFP and cadmium content. UFP were measured in urine samples by means of the NanoSight LM20 system (NanoSight, UK). A Niton XL3 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analyzer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Germany) quantified heavy metal contents in the urine samples.ResultsSmokers had elevated UFP and cadmium content in urine compared with non-smokers (4.6 E8/mL and 20.6 ppm vs 3.4 E8/mL and 18.5 ppm, p=0.05 and p=0.05, respectively). Smokers had elevated levels of lead and rubidium compared with non-smokers (8.9 ppm and 27 ppm vs 7.8 ppm and 2 ppm, p=0.05 and p=0.04, respectively)DiscussionWe suggest that the trajectory of cadmium-related UFP in smokers begins by its inhalation into the airways. The UFPs induce inflammation and oxidative stress in the small airways, are subsequently translocated from the interstitium to the circulation and are finally detected and secreted in urine

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Cigarette-related cadmium and environmental pollution exposure are reflected in airway ultrafine particle content

ERJ Open Research ◽

10.1183/23120541.00361-2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 00361-2019

Author(s):

Einat Klein Fireman ◽

Yochai Adir ◽

Elizabeth Fireman ◽

Aharon Kessel

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Ultrafine Particle ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Cadmium Content ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Copd Patients ◽

High Level

IntroductionParticulate matter (PM) and cigarette-related cadmium exposure increases inflammation and smokers' susceptibility to developing lung diseases. The majority of inhaled metals are attached to the surface of ultrafine particles (UFPs). A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects a high inflammatory status of airways.MethodsEBC was collected from 58 COPD patients and 40 healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Participants underwent spirometry, diffusion capacity, EBC and blood sampling. Environmental pollution data were collected from monitoring stations. UFPs were measured in EBC and serum, and cadmium content was quantified.ResultsSubjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC (<0.18×108·mL−1) had been exposed to higher long-term PM2.5 levels versus subjects with high UFP concentrations in EBC (>0.18×108·mL−1) (21.9 µg·m−3versus 17.4 µg·m−3, p≤0.001). Long-term PM2.5 exposure levels correlated negatively with UFP concentrations in EBC and positively with UFP concentrations in serum (r=−0.54, p≤0.001 and r=0.23, p=0.04, respectively). Healthy smokers had higher cadmium levels in EBC versus healthy nonsmokers and COPD patients (25.2 ppm versus 23.7 ppm and 23.3 ppm, p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively). Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC also had low cadmium levels in EBC versus subjects with high UFP levels (22.8 ppm versus 24.2 ppm, p=0.004)ConclusionsLow UFP concentration in EBC is an indicator of high-level PM exposure. High cadmium levels in EBC among smokers and the association between cadmium and UFP content in EBC among COPD patients indicate cadmium lung toxicity.

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Hydrogen gas (XEN) inhalation ameliorates airway inflammation in asthma and COPD patients

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (12) ◽

pp. 870-875 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S -T Wang ◽

C Bao ◽

Y He ◽

X Tian ◽

Y Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Airway Inflammation ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Before And After

Summary Background Hydrogen was proven to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation effects to various diseases. Aim We wish to investigate the acute effects of inhaled hydrogen on airway inflammation in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design Prospective study. Methods In total, 2.4% hydrogen containing steam mixed gas (XEN) was inhaled once for 45 min in 10 patients with asthma and 10 patients with COPD. The levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon-γ, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and so on in peripheral blood and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) before and after ‘XEN’ inhalation were measured. Results 45 minutes ‘XEN’ inhalation once decreased monocyte chemotactic protein 1 level in both COPD (564.70–451.51 pg/mL, P = 0.019) and asthma (386.39–332.76 pg/mL, P = 0.033) group, while decreased IL-8 level only in asthma group (5.25–4.49 pg/mL, P = 0.023). The level of EBC soluble cluster of differentiation-40 ligand in COPD group increased after inhalation (1.07–1.16 pg/mL, P = 0.031), while IL-4 and IL-6 levels in EBC were significantly lower after inhalation in the COPD (0.80–0.64 pg/mL, P = 0.025) and asthma (0.06–0.05 pg/mL, P = 0.007) group, respectively. Conclusions A single inhalation of hydrogen for 45 min attenuated inflammatory status in airways in patients with asthma and COPD.

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Preliminary Analysis of the Proteome of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Aquatic Mammals ◽

10.1578/am.44.3.2018.256 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 256-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Don R. Bergfelt ◽

John Lippolis ◽

Michel Vandenplas ◽

Sydney Davis ◽

Blake A. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Analysis ◽

Tursiops Truncatus ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Breath Condensate

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Methodological Issues and Possible Clinical Implications for Exhaled Breath Condensate pH in Asthma

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026616666150930120421 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 1550-1560 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andras Bikov ◽

Ildiko Horvath

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Methodological Issues ◽

Breath Condensate

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Simultaneous and Sensitive Determination of Amphetamine, Codeine and Morphine in Exhaled Breath Condensate, Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with On-line and Off-line Enhancing Methods

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412915666190219143049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 872-879

Author(s):

Samin Hamidi

Keyword(s):

Drugs Of Abuse ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Forensic Toxicology ◽

Analytical Signal ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Concentration Method ◽

Validation Parameters ◽

Breath Condensate

Background: Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue. Objective: We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking mode and an off-line pre-concentration method. Methods: Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method, an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument. Results: The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine, codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings of subjects. Conclusion: The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals, with no derivatization step.

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Microextraction and Chromatographic Analysis of Budesonide Epimers in Exhaled Breath Condensate

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411015666191203104522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1032-1040

Author(s):

Laleh Samini ◽

Maryam Khoubnasabjafari ◽

Mohamad M. Alimorad ◽

Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki ◽

Hak-Kim Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Fluids ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Low Cost ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽

Breath Condensate

Background: Analysis of drug concentrations in biological fluids is required in clinical sciences for various purposes. Among other biological samples, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a potential sample for follow up of drug concentrations. Methods: A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure followed by a validated liquid chromatography method was employed for the determination of budesonide (BDS) in EBC samples collected using a homemade setup. EBC is a non-invasive biological sample with possible applications for monitoring drug concentrations. The proposed analytical method is validated according to the FDA guidelines using EBC-spiked samples. Its applicability is tested on EBC samples collected from healthy volunteers receiving a single puff of BDS. Results: The best DLLME conditions involved the use of methanol (1 mL) as a disperser solvent, chloroform (200 μL) as an extraction solvent, and centrifugation rate of 3500 rpm for 5 minutes. The method was validated over a concentration range of 21-210 μg·L-1 in EBC. Inter- and intra-day precisions were less than 10% where the acceptable levels are less than 20%. The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of BDS in EBC samples. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the developed method can be used for the extraction and quantification of BDS in EBC samples using a low cost method.

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Determination of Verapamil in Exhaled Breath Condensate by Using Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412914666180717125434 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 535-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fariba Pourkarim ◽

Ali Shayanfar ◽

Maryam Khoubnasabjafari ◽

Fariborz Akbarzadeh ◽

Sanaz Sajedi-Amin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Good Precision ◽

Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽

Breath Condensate ◽

Liquid Microextraction

Background:Developing a simple analysis method for quantification of drug concentration is one of the essential issues in pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring studies.Objective:A fast and reliable dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was employed for preconcentration of verapamil in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples and this was followed by the determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.Methods:A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) combined with a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (DLLME) was applied for quantification of verapamil in the EBC samples. The developed method was validated according to FDA guidelines.Results:Under the optimum conditions, the method provided a linear range between 0.07 and 0.8 µg.mL-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.998. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation and relative error values of the method were below 15%, which indicated good precision and accuracy. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of verapamil in two real samples with concentrations of 0.07 and 0.09 µg.mL-1.Conclusion:The established HPLC-UV-DLLME method could be applied for the analysis of verapamil in human EBC samples.

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