Prospective association between use of electronic cigarettes and use of conventional cigarettes - a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the association between e-cigarette use and subsequent initiation or recurrence of cigarette smoking.Data sourcesA systematic literature search was finalised November 11, 2019 using PubMed incl. Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed Health, NICE evidence search, PROSPERO, CRD, and PsycInfo.Study selectionStudies were included if meeting the following criteria: reporting empirical results; longitudinal observational design with a minimum of 3 months of follow-up; including general population samples; allowing for the comparison between users and non-users of e-cigarettes. Studies rated as having high risk of bias were excluded. Studies were independently assessed by at least two authors. The procedures described by PRISMA were followed, and the quality of evidence was rated using GRADE.Data synthesisThirty longitudinal studies from 22 different cohorts assessing e-cigarette use among non- or never-smokers at baseline, and subsequent use of cigarette smoking at follow-up, were included in this review. A random-effects meta-analysis based on 89 076 participants showed a pooled unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of cigarette smoking among baseline non-smokers e-cigarette users compared with non-users of 4.68 (CI 3.64–6.02), while the adjusted OR was 3.37 (CI 2.68–4.24). These results were consistent irrespective of whether the outcome was measured as ever smoking or as past 30-day smoking. The evidence was graded as moderate.ConclusionsUse of e-cigarettes may predict the initiation or recurrence of cigarette smoking.

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E-Cigarette Use and Future Cigarette Initiation Among Never Smokers and Relapse Among Former Smokers in the PATH Study

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354919864369 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 (5) ◽

pp. 528-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert McMillen ◽

Jonathan D. Klein ◽

Karen Wilson ◽

Jonathan P. Winickoff ◽

Susanne Tanski

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Harm Reduction ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Potential Harm ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Never Smokers

Objectives: Any potential harm-reduction benefit of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could be offset by nonsmokers who initiate e-cigarette use and then smoke combustible cigarettes. We examined correlates of e-cigarette use at baseline with combustible cigarette smoking at 1-year follow-up among adult distant former combustible cigarette smokers (ie, quit smoking ≥5 years ago) and never smokers. Methods: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal study, surveyed 26 446 US adults during 2 waves: 2013-2014 (baseline) and 2014-2015 (1-year follow-up). Participants completed an audio computer-assisted interview in English or Spanish. We compared combustible cigarette smoking at 1-year follow-up by e-cigarette use at baseline among distant former combustible cigarette smokers and never smokers. Results: Distant former combustible cigarette smokers who reported e-cigarette past 30-day use (9.3%) and ever use (6.7%) were significantly more likely than those who had never used e-cigarettes (1.3%) to have relapsed to current combustible cigarette smoking at follow-up ( P < .001). Never smokers who reported e-cigarette past 30-day use (25.6%) and ever use (13.9%) were significantly more likely than those who had never used e-cigarettes (2.1%) to have initiated combustible cigarette smoking ( P < .001). Adults who reported past 30-day e-cigarette use (7.0%) and ever e-cigarette use (1.7%) were more likely than those who had never used e-cigarettes (0.3%) to have transitioned from never smokers to current combustible cigarette smokers ( P < .001). E-cigarette use predicted combustible cigarette smoking in multivariable analyses controlling for covariates. Conclusions: Policies and counseling should consider the increased risk for nonsmokers of future combustible cigarette smoking use as a result of using e-cigarettes and any potential harm-reduction benefits e-cigarettes might bring to current combustible cigarette smokers.

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E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non-smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e045603

Author(s):

Olivia Nina Baenziger ◽

Laura Ford ◽

Amelia Yazidjoglou ◽

Grace Joshy ◽

Emily Banks

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Umbrella Review ◽

Review Systematic ◽

Former Smokers ◽

Smoking Uptake ◽

Never Smokers

ObjectiveTo review and summarise the current evidence on the uptake of combustible cigarette smoking following e-cigarette use in non-smokers—including never-smokers, people not currently smoking and past smokers—through an umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis.DesignUmbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychINFO (Ovid), Medline (Ovid) and Wiley Cochrane Library up to April 2020.ResultsOf 6225 results, 25 studies of non-smokers—never, not current and former smokers—with a baseline measure of e-cigarette use and an outcome measure of combustible smoking uptake were included. All 25 studies found increased risk of smoking uptake with e-cigarette exposure, although magnitude varied substantially. Using a random-effects model, comparing e-cigarette users versus non-e-cigarette users, among never-smokers at baseline the OR for smoking initiation was 3.25 (95% CI 2.61 to 4.05, I2 85.7%) and among non-smokers at baseline the OR for current smoking was 2.87 (95% CI 1.97 to 4.19, I2 90.1%). Among former smokers, smoking relapse was higher in e-cigarette users versus non-users (OR=2.40, 95% CI 1.50 to 3.83, I2 12.3%).ConclusionsAcross multiple settings, non-smokers who use e-cigarettes are consistently more likely than those avoiding e-cigarettes to initiate combustible cigarette smoking and become current smokers. The magnitude of this risk varied, with an average of around three times the odds. Former smokers using e-cigarettes have over twice the odds of relapse as non-e-cigarettes users. This study is the first to our knowledge to review and pool data on the latter topic.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020168596.

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Sex Difference in the Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking among U.S. Adolescents: Findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–4

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1695

Author(s):

Zongshuan Duan ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Jidong Huang

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Estimation Equations ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Prospective Association

E-cigarettes are the most-used tobacco products among U.S. adolescents. Emerging evidence suggests that adolescents using e-cigarettes are at elevated risk for initiating cigarette smoking. However, whether this risk may differ by sex remains unknown. This study analyzed data from Wave 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) were performed to estimate the associations between baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and other tobacco use. Effect modifications by sex were examined. Multivariate analyses showed that, among baseline never cigarette smokers, past-30-day e-cigarette use at baseline waves was significantly associated with past-30-day cigarette smoking at follow-up waves (aOR = 3.90, 95% CI: 2.51–6.08). This association was significantly stronger for boys (aOR = 6.17, 95% CI: 2.43–15.68) than for girls (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.14–8.33). Additionally, using other tobacco products, older age, and having severe externalizing mental health problems at baseline were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette smoking at follow-up. The prospective association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking differs by sex among U.S. adolescents. Sex-specific tobacco control interventions may be warranted to curb the youth tobacco use epidemic.

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Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980014000949 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 695-704 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Rosana Poggio ◽

Laura Gutierrez ◽

María G Matta ◽

Natalia Elorriaga ◽

Vilma Irazola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Relative Risk ◽

General Population ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Random Effects Models ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Cvd Mortality

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether elevated dietary Na intake could be associated with CVD mortality.DesignWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies representing the general population. The adjusted relative risks and their 95 % confidence intervals were pooled by the inverse variance method using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.SettingsMEDLINE (since 1973), Embase (since 1975), the Cochrane Library (since 1976), ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar (until September 2013) and secondary referencing were searched for inclusion in the study.SubjectEleven prospective studies with 229 785 participants and average follow-up period of 13·37 years (range 5·5–19 years).ResultsHigher Na intake was significantly associated with higher CVD mortality (relative risk=1·12; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·19). In the sensitivity analysis, the exclusion of studies with important relative weights did not significantly affect the results (relative risk=1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·15). The meta-regression analysis showed that for every increase of 10 mmol/d in Na intake, CVD mortality increased significantly by 1 % (P=0·016). Age, hypertensive status and length of follow-up were also associated with increased CVD mortality.ConclusionsHigher Na intake was associated with higher CVD mortality in the general population; this result suggests a reduction in Na intake to prevent CVD mortality from any cause.

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Recurrence Rate of Sporadic Pheochromocytomas After Curative Adrenalectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa794 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Isabelle Holscher ◽

Tijs J van den Berg ◽

Koen M A Dreijerink ◽

Anton F Engelsman ◽

Els J M Nieveen van Dijkum

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Recurrence Rate ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Curative Surgery ◽

Endocrine Society ◽

Time To Recurrence ◽

The Cochrane Library

Abstract Background Evidence on follow-up duration for patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas is absent, and current guidelines of the European Society of Endocrinology, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Endocrine Surgeons, and the Endocrine Society are ambiguous about the appropriate duration of follow-up. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the recurrence rate of sporadic pheochromocytomas after curative adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods A literature search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed. A study was eligible if it included a clear report on the number of sporadic patients, recurrence rate, and follow-up duration. Studies with an inclusion period before 1990, <2 years of follow-up, <10 patients, and unclear data on the sporadic nature of pheochromocytomas were excluded. A meta-analysis on recurrence was performed provided that the heterogeneity was low (I2 < 25%) or intermediate (I2 26–75%). Hozo’s method was used to calculate weighted mean follow-up duration and weighted time to recurrence with combined standard deviations (SDs). Results A total of 13 studies, including 430 patients, were included in the synthesis. The meta-analysis results describe a pooled recurrence rate after curative surgery of 3% (95% confidence interval: 2–6%, I2 = 0%), with a weighted mean time to recurrence of 49.4 months (SD = 30.7) and a weighted mean follow-up period of 77.3 months (SD = 32.2). Conclusions This meta-analysis shows a very low recurrence rate of 3%. Prospective studies, including economical and health effects of limited follow-up strategies for patients with truly sporadic pheochromocytomas should be considered.

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Effectiveness of acute geriatric unit care on functional decline and process outcomes among older adults admitted to hospital with acute medical complaints: a protocol for a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. e050524

Author(s):

Íde O’Shaughnessy ◽

Katie Robinson ◽

Margaret O'Connor ◽

Mairéad Conneely ◽

Damien Ryan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Index Admission ◽

Research Centre ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Process Outcomes

IntroductionOlder adults are clinically heterogeneous and are at increased risk of adverse outcomes during hospitalisation due to the presence of multiple comorbid conditions and reduced homoeostatic reserves. Acute geriatric units (AGUs) are units designed with their own physical location and structure, which provide care to older adults during the acute phase of illness and are underpinned by an interdisciplinary comprehensive geriatric assessment model of care. This review aims to update and synthesise the totality of evidence related to the effectiveness of AGU care on clinical and process outcomes among older adults admitted to hospital with acute medical complaints.DesignUpdated systematic review and meta-analysisMethods and analysisMEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library and Embase electronic databases will be systematically searched from 2008 to February 2021. Trials with a randomised design that deliver an AGU intervention to older adults admitted to hospital for acute medical complaints will be included. The primary outcome measure will be functional decline at discharge from hospital and at follow-up. Secondary outcomes will include length of stay, cost of index admission, incidence of unscheduled hospital readmission, living at home (the inverse of death or institutionalisation combined; used to describe someone who is in their own home at follow‐up), mortality, cognitive function and patient satisfaction with index admission. Title and abstract screening of studies for full-text extraction will be conducted independently by two authors. The Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool will be used to assess the methodological quality of the included trials. The quality of evidence for outcomes reported will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework. A pooled meta-analysis will be conducted using Review Manager, depending on the uniformity of the data.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as all data collected will be secondary data and will be analysed anonymously. The authors will present the findings of the review to a patient and public involvement stakeholder panel of older adults that has been established at the Ageing Research Centre in the University of Limerick. This will enable the views and opinions of older adults to be integrated into the discussion section of the paper.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021237633.

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The impact of smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ◽

10.5588/ijtld.19.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 170-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Y. Wang ◽

R. A. Arrazola ◽

B. Mathema ◽

I. B. Ahluwalia ◽

S. R. Mase

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Loss To Follow Up ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

The Impact ◽

Culture Conversion

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking contributes to tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. However, limited evidence exists on how smoking impacts TB treatment outcomes such as treatment loss to follow-up and culture conversion.METHODS: This meta-analysis assessed current evidence of the impact of active cigarette smoking on TB treatment outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for English-language articles published from database inception through 2017. Articles addressing active pulmonary TB and cigarette smoking were identified and data abstracted. Smokers were defined as those who smoked every day or some days at the time of interview/diagnosis. Non-smokers did not smoke at the time of interview/diagnosis. Unfavorable outcomes included any outcome other than cure or completion of TB treatment. Three different data sets were examined: 8 articles addressing unfavorable treatment outcomes, 9 analyzing only treatment loss to follow-up, and 5 addressing delayed smear or culture conversion. Studies that had <20 subjects or that addressed only populations with comorbidities were excluded.RESULTS: We identified 1030 studies; 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Smokers had greater odds of unfavorable outcomes (pooled odds ratio [pOR] 1.23, 95%CI 1.14–1.33), delayed smear or culture conversion (pOR 1.55, 95%CI 1.04–2.07), and treatment loss to follow-up (pOR 1.35, 95%CI 1.21–1.50).CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking is associated with negative treatment results and delayed conversion to negative smear or culture, suggesting smoking is an important factor for consideration in TB elimination efforts.

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Intralesional steroids and endoscopic dilation for anastomotic strictures after esophagectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis

Endoscopy ◽

10.1055/a-1172-5975 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (09) ◽

pp. 721-726

Author(s):

Chandra S. Dasari ◽

Ramprasad Jegadeesan ◽

Harsh K. Patel ◽

Madhav Desai ◽

Muhammad Aziz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Steroid Injection ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Endoscopic Dilation ◽

Steroid Group ◽

Anastomotic Strictures ◽

Local Steroid Injection

Abstract Background Post-esophagectomy anastomotic strictures are difficult to treat. The impact of adding local steroid injection to endoscopic dilation for the treatment of post-esophagectomy anastomotic strictures is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of performing steroid injection in addition to dilation. Methods A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to January 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of endoscopic dilation plus either local steroid injection (steroid group) or saline injection (placebo group) were included in the analysis. Results Three RCTs were eligible for the final analysis: 72 patients (mean age 61.3 years, 74 % male) in the steroid group and 72 patients (mean age 59.6 years, 71 % male) in the placebo group. The mean number of dilations required to resolve the stricture was significantly lower in the steroid group compared with the placebo group, with a mean weighted difference of –1.62 (95 % confidence interval [CI] –2.73 to –0.50; P = 0.004). After 6 months of follow-up, there was a trend toward more patients in the steroid group remaining dysphagia free compared with the placebo group, with a pooled odds ratio of 2.36 (95 %CI 0.94 to 5.91; P = 0.07, I2 = 24 %). Conclusion This meta-analysis showed that the addition of local steroid injection at the time of dilation for benign anastomotic strictures led to a significant decrease in the number of procedures required to resolve the stricture and may well reduce dysphagia symptoms during follow-up.

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Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure in Patients With Hypertension-Related Multi-morbidity: Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1093/ajh/hpz182 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J P Sheppard ◽

K L Tucker ◽

W J Davison ◽

R Stevens ◽

W Aekplakorn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

High Intensity ◽

Individual Patient Data ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Patient Data ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Co Morbidity

Abstract BACKGROUND Studies have shown that self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is effective when combined with co-interventions, but its efficacy varies in the presence of some co-morbidities. This study examined whether self-monitoring can reduce clinic BP in patients with hypertension-related co-morbidity. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of articles published in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to January 2018. Randomized controlled trials of self-monitoring of BP were selected and individual patient data (IPD) were requested. Contributing studies were prospectively categorized by whether they examined a low/high-intensity co-intervention. Change in BP and likelihood of uncontrolled BP at 12 months were examined according to number and type of hypertension-related co-morbidity in a one-stage IPD meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 22 trials were eligible, 16 of which were able to provide IPD for the primary outcome, including 6,522 (89%) participants with follow-up data. Self-monitoring was associated with reduced clinic systolic BP compared to usual care at 12-month follow-up, regardless of the number of hypertension-related co-morbidities (−3.12 mm Hg, [95% confidence intervals −4.78, −1.46 mm Hg]; P value for interaction with number of morbidities = 0.260). Intense interventions were more effective than low-intensity interventions in patients with obesity (P < 0.001 for all outcomes), and possibly stroke (P < 0.004 for BP control outcome only), but this effect was not observed in patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS Self-monitoring lowers BP regardless of the number of hypertension-related co-morbidities, but may only be effective in conditions such obesity or stroke when combined with high-intensity co-interventions.

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Impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality among neonates in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Archives of Public Health ◽

10.1186/s13690-020-00499-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tadesse Tolossa ◽

Ginenus Fekadu ◽

Belayneh Mengist ◽

Diriba Mulisa ◽

Getahun Fetensa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background As compared to other regions of the world, Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region with the highest neonatal mortality and is the region showing the least progress in the reduction of newborn death. Despite better progress made in reducing neonatal mortality, Ethiopia contributes the highest rate of neonatal death in Africa. In Ethiopia, findings from few studies were inconsistent and there is a need to systematically pool existing data to determine the impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality among mother-neonate pairs in Ethiopia. Methods Published articles from various electronic databases such as Medline, Hinari, Pub Med, Cochrane library, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar were accessed. Also, unpublished studies from library catalogs were identified. All observational studies that were conducted on the association between antenatal care follow-up and neonatal mortality among neonates in Ethiopia were included. Data were extracted on the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using STATA 14.1 version. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled estimate with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Forest plots were used to visualize the presence of heterogeneity and estimate the pooled impact on antenatal care on neonatal mortality. The presence of publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger’s statistical tests. Results Initially, a total of 345 studies were accessed. Finally, 28 full-text studies were reviewed and fourteen studies fulfilled inclusion criteria and included in the final meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate indicates the odds of neonatal death among neonates from women with antenatal care were 65% lower than those neonates from women who had no antenatal care follow-up (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.51). Conclusions In this systematic review and meta-analysis, lack of ANC follow-up increase the probability of neonatal mortality as compared to having ANC follow-up. Thus, we will recommend for more coverages of appropriate antenatal care where risk groups can best be identified and managed.

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